Different Approaches and Methods

Other Approaches

Metacognitive Approach

Metacognitive Approach An approach that goes beyond

cognition. It is an approach that makes students think about their thinking

students learn more effectively when they are aware on their learning of how they learn and know how to monitor and reflect

effective problem-solvers subvocalize; that is they talk to themselves frequently

have students describe what is going on in their mind

have students identify what is known in a situation or problem

Constructivist Approach

According to Linda Darling- Hammond and colleagues

“ Students come to the classroom

with prior understandings and experiences and to promote student learning, teachers must address and build upon this knowledge.”

Constructivist Approach learners are actively involved in a

process of meaning and knowledge construction as opposed to passively receiving information

it is anchored on the belief that every individuals constructs and reconstructs meanings depending on past experiences.

Instructional Characteristics 1. Teaching is not considered as merely

transmitting knowledge and information such as facts, concepts and principles but rather as providing students with relevant experiences from which they can construct their own meaning.

2. Is anchored on the assumption that “the absorption or assimilation of knowledge is somewhat personal and therefore no two learners can build up the same meaning out of one situation.”

3. The teachers role is to facilitate learning by providing opportunities for a stimulating dialogue.4. The instructional materials include learning activities and events rather than fixed documents.5. Lesson are activity-centered in order for them to experience or gain personal knowledge through active involvement.

Suggestions

1. In introducing a lesson, find connection with the previous one.

2. Inquiry teaching suits the constructivist.

3. Reflection is an important activity.4. Plan learning activities that will

develop critical thinking skills, creativity and innovativeness.

5. Encouraged students to work independently.

Guidelines for Effective Use

1. Encourage Students to take their own initiative in undertaking a learning activity.

2. Respect and accept the student's own ideas.

3. Ask the students to recall past experiences, analyze and see a connections with the new learning event.

Integrated Approach

Integrated Approach:there are no walls that clearly

separate one subject from the rest Integrated approach is ;

Intradisciplinary Interdisciplinary Transdisciplinary

Intradisciplinary Approach

observed when teachers integrate the sub disciplines within a subject area.

Interdisciplinary Approach

Content – based instruction

Transdisciplinary Approach

teachers organize curriculum around students’ questions and concerns

Problem – based Learning (PBL) this is a concrete example of transdisciplinary approach

the learning that results from the process of working towards the understanding of the resolution of a problem

Steps in Planning1. Teachers and students select a

topic of study based on student interests, curriculum standards, and local resources.

2. The teacher finds out what the students already know and helps them generate questions to explore. The teacher also provides resources for students and opportunities to work in the field.

3. Students share their work with others in a culminating activity. Students display the results of their exploration and review and evaluate the project.