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Defence Research andDevelopment Canada
Recherche et développementpour la défense Canada Canada
Improvised Explosive Assessment ToolCRTI 06-0204RD
Presented at the Public Security S&T Summer Symposium 2009
15-18 June, Ottawa, Ontario
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
INTRODUCTION
• Project Review
• Progress and Results
• Leverage
• Low-Hanging Fruit
Information Leveraging
Canadian Indicator Booklet
Urban Modeling Protocols
Public Security Support
• Conclusions
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
CRTI 06-204RD: Improvised Explosive Assessment Tool
• PM: John Anderson• Delivery by: Suffield (lead), Valcartier, CERL,
CSIS, RCMP, Amita• Start-End: October 2007 – December 2011• Total Funding : $3.25 Million + 2.66M in-kind• Total FTE: 18.5 total (7.7 Suffield)• Client sponsor(s): CRTI• Linkages (National): CSIS, RCMP, CERL, Valcartier, DSTI
• Linkages (International): TSWG/FBI/ATF, UK, AUS
Objective(s): To deliver a capability/tool that will provide investigators and first responder organizations with a means for obtaining rapid, evidence-based and scientifically sound assessments of many improvised explosive formulations, compositions and recipes. This information will be of direct utility to end users by providing accurate information on over two dozen critical factors for a minimum of forty (40) improvised explosive (IE) formulations and/or technologies.
Outcomes:- Improved appreciation of threat spectrum and
associated implications- Establishment of pan-national capability to assess, and
advise on the improvised explosive threat- Database of experimental results and a software tool for first responder and expert investigator use.- Provision of data for the CRTI project “Protocol for
Modeling Explosive Threats in Urban Environments
Outputs / deliverables:-Reports on improvised explosives characteristics-A scientifically sound formulation assessment tool.-A database of experimental data for use in other
improvised explosive programs.
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
The IEAT Team• DRDC Valcartier
P. Brousseau, S. Desilets, S. Turgeon
• NRCan-CERL
P. Lightfoot
• PSCan
T. Patraboy, P. Caron
• RCMP
Ian Summerell
• DSTI
Tony Heron
• AMITA
Larry Chop
DRDC SuffieldJ. Anderson
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
APPROACH• Literature surveys
• Information fed from variety of sources
• Explosives Assessments Methods of synthesis/precursors
Sensitivity/stability
Detonation Properties (Velocity, Critical Diameter, Initiation)
Blast Properties (free-field, semi confined, confined)
TNT “equivalency”
• All info fed into Assessment tool
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
POTENTIAL COMPOSITIONS
– Peroxides (TATP, HMTD, MEKP etc.)
– Peroxide-based (H2O2 + organic material-OM, other additives as required)
– Non-ideal or other oxidizer-based (AN, UNi, Metal Nitrates, Perchlorates, Chlorates, KMnO4 etc.)
– Liquids (NM, NE, IPN, HN, EHN, NG, EGDN etc)
– Liquid-based (energetic liquids plus additives such as metals)
– Precursor materials
– “Other” (R-salt, HM-RDX, HM-HE (HM-homemade), other candidates from intel assessments)
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
APPROACH
• Four Phases
Phase I: Review of Information Sources
Phase II: Prioritization of formulations to be assessed
Phase III: Technical Assessments/Database Development
Phase IV: Database population, integration and testing
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
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Last Year:• Focus was on Urea Nitrate and Mixtures (urgent
requirement for knowledge from our international partners)
– CERL: Sensitivity Studies
– Suffield: Blast Properties
– Valcartier: Chemical and Structural Analysis
IEAT Tool/Database Outline
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Project Progress Update:• Peroxide Desensitization
• HME based on Metal Nitrates
• MEKP Characterization
• Decomposition Mechanisms for UNi
• Update on Development of the Improvised Explosives Assessment Tool (Software/Database)
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
PEROXIDES: HMTD/TATP (what’s already known)
• Extremely Sensitive to Mechanical Stimuli (friction/impact)
• Extremely Sensitive to Thermal Stimuli
• TATP has high vapor pressure, HMTD much less so
• ESD Results vary
Question: Can these HMEs be desensitized with other materials
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
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PEROXIDES: HMTD/TATP (what we’ve done)
• TATP/Al mixtures
• TATP/AN; HMTD/AN mixtures
• TATP/grease, HMTD grease mixtures
• TATP/alcohol, HMTD/ alcohol mixtures
• TATP/H2O, TATP/AN/H2O mixtures
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
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Question: Can these HMEs be desensitized with other materials
Answer: Yes – but large amounts of material required
Don’t use 50% HP Use 35% HP
Variation in ESD measurements for HMTD a concern
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
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HME based on Metal Nitrates
• NaNO3, KNO3, Sr(NO3)2, Ba(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2 (planned)
• Looked at variety of mixtures with metal and elemental fuels
• Evaluated the hazard and explosive properties of a broad range of potential HMEs
• No apparent safety issues - mixtures are relatively safe to handle and easy to make by grinding/mixing
• Clear potential for large-scale detonation devices using binary mixtures with specific metal powder, particularly for KN and SN
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
Still to do:– Small-scale detonation tests on ternary mixtures– 2-kg airblast testing on selected ternary mixtures– 50-kg airblast testing on a few mixtures– VOD determination for selected mixtures– Ca(NO3)2 “workup”
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
• MEKP Characterization• MEKP is easily prepared with readily available chemicals:
• The preparation of MEKP does not require sophisticated equipment
• Most publications describe MEKP as a mixture of organic peroxides (mainly the dimer form) which are intrinsically unstable due to the peroxide group (C-O-O-C).
• MEKP (diluted in a plasticizer) is widely used in the plastic industry as a catalyst for initiating and cross-linking polymerization.
• In 1996, the worldwide yearly consumption of MEKP was estimated at 22,000 tons (Shu et al. Thermochim. Acta, (2005), 430, 67-71).
• MEKP is extremely sensitive to friction, impact and heat.
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
• Hypothesis
– Evaporation of Nitric acid
– Sublimation under vacuum
– Revert back to Urea & producing Nitric acid boiling
– Decomposition reactions (producing volatile organic species)
Vacuum Stability Test (VST): 100oC for 40hrs – 27% Weight loss and decomposition observed ?
Decomposition Mechanisms for UNi
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
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Aging Experiments of Urea Nitrate at 100oC in an Oven
IR and NMR Spectroscopy Studies
• 24hrs - Urea Nitrate was mainly present
• 48hrs - Ammonium Nitrate (AN) strongly present
• 72hrs - AN strongly presents + Urea + Biuret
• 144hrs - AN + Urea + Biuret
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
Urea Nitrate DecompositionProposed Mechanism below melting point
H2N NH2
OH
NO3 H2N NH2
O
+HNO3
HN C OH2N NH2
O
+NH3
HN C OH2N N
HNH2
O O
H2N NH2
O+
+ HNO3NH3 NH4NO3
(Urea)
(Ammonium nitrate)
(Biuret)
(Isocyanic acid b.p: 24oC)
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
• Decomposition processes are complex and were characterized by numerous techniques – could this help with development of detection techniques?
• Urea nitrate appears stable at room temperature
• Urea nitrate is very acidic – could produce secondary decomposition process when mixed with other ingredients.
• Which can lead to “unplanned thermal events”!
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
• Give First Responders, Investigators, Forensics, Scientists access to reliable information about Improvised Explosives (HMEs) to better assess threats
• Key players : Defence Research and Development Canada, Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Public Safety Canada.
– Evaluate selected HMEs
– Build a user-friendly software tool
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Update on Development of the Improvised Explosives Assessment Tool (Software/Database)
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
• Adopted an Agile approach for software development
– Small iterations
• Fewer functionalities implemented at a time
– Frequent releases
– Quick and regular feedback
– Build GUI Prototypes accessible from a web browser
Version 1 : Data Entry
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
Data ArchitectureImprovised Explosives
Synthesis Procedures
Documentation Characteristics
Precursors Waste Materials
PersonsSuppliers Organization Instrument
Scenarios Of Use
Render Safe Procedures
Applied Test Method
Judgement Sheet
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
• Explosive Outputs– Velocity of detonation – TNT Equivalency (Air blast)
• Structure and Analysis– NMR Spectra– Microscopy
• Observed Properties– Physical state (solid, liquid)– Odor
• Hazard – Sensitivity to friction – Thermal stability
• Disposal– Solubility in water, in acetone
• Other Properties– Melting point – Toxicity
Examples of Characteristics
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
Activities of IEAT
The actors:
Listcharacteristics
Write scientificreports
Add data to IEATV1
Make expertjudgment
Integrate adv iceinto IEAT V2
Consolidate andsynchronize data
Share with 1stresponderscommunity
Write summaries
Performsynthesis
procedures
Rev iewscientificlitterature
Apply TestMethods
List V1Requirements
Build GUI
Build DataModel
List V2Requirements
Release IEATV2
Release IEATV1
Scientists
Technicians 1st Responders
Software Dev elopers
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
• Assign responsibilities within the end-users community
– They define requirements
– Regular meetings with representative from each organization
• Talk to users with a functional prototype, not paperwork
• Build a common vocabulary (ex: recipes, synthesis procedures, test methods)
• Data ≠ Advice
– Scientists are hungry for data
– Public Safety people are hungry for advice
– Implement good communication between them
Lessons learned to date
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
Future work and challenges
• Data population
– Enter data beyond document upload
– No centralized data
• Assess data and judgment taken from literature
– Level of confidence? Reliability?
– Piles of papers => Huge amount of work!
• Have a good search tool
– Meaningful and useful to the different end-users
• Not for all first responders because it is classified
– Desensitize information
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
LINKAGES/LEVERAGING
UK/CPNI/DSTL/METROPOLITION POLICE
- HPOM data, other HME “tidbits”
FBI/ARA/ATF
- CHP, ASN and FGAN data and more “tidbits”
AUS
- Recent Distribution of Reports
All done through linkage with TSWGHME-WG’s and International Workshops
Low Hanging Fruit: Information Sharing
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
Low Hanging Fruit: Indicators/Warnings for HME
Canadianized EH!
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
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Protocols for Modeling Explosive Threats in Urban Environments
S&T Thrust : CRTI 6-252RDClients : CRTI, CSISSA : Dr. Fan ZhangPM : Mr. Pierre CaronDelivery : DRDC Suffield / CSISStart-End : April 2007 – March 2011Resources over life of project:
Collabor. : CSIS, RCMP, Martec Ltd., U of WaterlooLinkage : US TSWG, DTRA, UK Dstl
FTE R&D Total Funds
1 $2200K $ 2700K
Outcomes and Deliverables:• Physical models for non-ideal blast explosives and target interactions• Accurate near-field solutions in urban elements and scenarios• Chinook Code update as a first-principle continuum modeling tool for threats of explosive devices and urban target interactions• Multiple scaling rules for non-ideal explosives• Protocols as guidelines & database for urban explosive threats, loading, structure/ personnel vulnerability for best explosion modeling practices• Protocols in both printed manuals and a user-friendly electronic platform
Objectives: • Develop protocols serving as standards and guidelines for modeling both ideal and non-ideal explosive threats in the close proximity of urban environments, so that the threats on structures and personnel in real-world urban scenarios can be assessed and the range of applicability of the fast tools can be extended• The Protocols are based on physically-correct models and will consist of a large number of first-principles, accurate, near-field modeling solutions including pressure (static and dynamic), impulse and temperature histories and P-I curves on structural elements of a comprehensive class of fundamental urban environments and scenarios.
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Support to Law Enforcement: Large Scale FGANFO Trial
Low Hanging Fruit: Public Security
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
Support to Law Enforcement: SME advice on TATP/Al mixtures
Support to TC/DHS Development of Simulants for TATP/HMTD
DRDC Support
(synthesis of HMEs)
Installation of CT-80 on Range (2 days/-30C)
Data for HMTD, HMTD/grease and HMTD/AN acquired (all three instruments)
Data for TATP and mixtures, AN and mixtures to be acquired July 09
Low Hanging Fruit: Public Security
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
Closing Remarks
• CA working on a variety of Improvised Explosives-related programs: Ops Infrastructure Protection, HME, Improvised FAE, Modelling/Software, and database development programs
• IEAT/database coming along nicely
• Render Safe Procedures (RSP) a Gap area – project starting soon (dedicated site and equipment in design phase)
• Wealth of information generated/collected – allowing us to offer SME advice on large number of compositions
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
Acknowledgements
• DRDC Suffield: P. Lambert, L. Gagne
• DRDC Valcartier: D. Chamberland, A. Marois, E. Sinelnikov
• CERL: B. Ridley, K. Armstrong
CRTI06-0204RDImprovised Explosives Assessment Tool
and last but certainly not least
Ms. Louise Ripley & her Team
Defence R&D Canada • R & D pour la défense Canada
QUESTIONS?
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