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Steve Gaines
University of California, Santa Barbara
Decision Science for Marine Spatial Planning
Functional Connections Play Key RoleIn Ecosystem Dynamics
Human Uses Are no Exception
Fisheries
Wave energy AquacultureWind energy
LNG Desalination MPAs
Coastal propertyRecreation
Shipping
How do we MakeRational Decisions?
Chris Costello, Sarah Lester, Ben Halpern, Sarah Anderson, Steve Katz, Kristin Carden, Phil Levin
MSP is about Tradeoffs
• Multiple co-occurring activities is the norm
• Activities interact to affect ecosystem services
• Ignoring interactions creates unanticipated consequences and potential conflicts
Analysis of Tradeoffs Must Be:
Transparent
Explicit
Flexible
Useful to managers and stakeholders
Ecosystem Service Tradeoff Analysis
• Developed from basic economic decision theory
• Visualizes relationship between 2 or more services
Ecosystem Service 1
Ecos
yste
m S
ervi
ce 2
Potentially interacting services
e.g., lingcod yield, shoreline protection, aesthetic value, aquaculture
e.g.
, urc
hin
yiel
d, to
uris
m p
rofit
s,
biod
iver
sity
, wav
e en
ergy
Any management action yields an ecosystem services outcome
Ecosystem Service 1
Ecos
yste
m S
ervi
ce 2
Different actions yield different ecosystem services outcomes
Ecosystem Service 1
Ecos
yste
m S
ervi
ce 2
InherentTradeoff?
How can you distinguish between trade-offs and suboptimal decisions?
Ecosystem Service 1
Ecos
yste
m S
ervi
ce 2
Explore all management options
Ecosystem Service 1
Ecos
yste
m S
ervi
ce 2
EcosystemServicesFrontier
Management options that maximize two services combined lie on the frontier
Ecosystem Service 1
Ecos
yste
m S
ervi
ce 2
Reveals sub-optimal decisions
Ecosystem Service 1
Ecos
yste
m S
ervi
ce 2
Choosing among optimal solutions depends on societal values/preferences
Does the frontier always have this shape?
The shape of the frontier provides important information
Ecosystem Service 1
Ecos
yste
m S
ervi
ce 2
The Cost of Institutional/Legal Bottlenecks
NMFS
FWS
FERC
Ecosystem Service 1
Ecos
yste
m S
ervi
ce 2
The Cost of Institutional Bottlenecks
Small Costs
Ecosystem Service 1
Ecos
yste
m S
ervi
ce 2
The Cost of Institutional Bottlenecks
Large Costs
Total Fish Biomass (Conservation)
Fish
ery
Prof
it
Example: Fisheries vs. Conservation
Example: Fisheries vs. Conservation
Total Fish Biomass (Conservation)
Fish
ery
Prof
it
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
?
Example: Fisheries vs. Conservation
Total Fish Biomass
Fish
ery
Prof
it
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
All Harvest PoliciesOn Frontier IncludeMarine Reserves
Example: Fisheries vs. Conservation
Applying tradeoff analysis to emerging ocean uses
Wave energy
Aquaculture
Wind energy
LNG Desalination
Many competing technologies
• pistons and forced air• hinged, articulating• wave overtopping• Faraday principle
Fish
ery
Pro
fit
Crab fishery, wave energy & coastal property value
Real Estate Value
Crab fishery, wave energy & coastal property value
- What distance from shore to site wave farm?
shor
elin
e
offshore distance
shallow deep
crabs
- Estimate value of fishery per km (from 3-9km offshore)- Assume WE displaces crab fishing with no benefits
Crab fishery, wave energy & coastal property value
- What distance from shore to site wave farm?
shor
elin
e
offshore distance
shallow deep
crabsview
- Estimate value of coastal real estate- WE reduces value by amount of view impacted by buoys
Crab fishery, wave energy & coastal property value
- What distance from shore to site wave farm?
shor
elin
e
offshore distance
shallow deep
crabswavebuoys
view
- Estimate value of wave energy per km (from 3-10km)- Evaluate range of offshore distance siting options
Maximum energy profit at 5km offshore
Crab profit decreased by wave energy
View maximally impacted by wave energy
Putting the pieces together
Maximum energy profit at 5km offshore
Crab profit decreased by wave energy
View maximally impacted by wave energy
Peak value: 4.95 km
TOTAL
Putting the pieces together
Adding More Reality
• Coastal Erosion
• Barriers to Movement (boats, mammals)
• Benefits to Fisheries?
• Alongshore Locations
Benefits of an MSP Decision Framework
• Separates Real Tradeoffs from Poor Decisions
• Identifies Critical Science Needs
• Measures Costs of Ignorance & Suboptimal Governance
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