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Lessons learned on the path towards meaningful ecosystem-
based management
Marine Spatial Planning Decision Support Tools Development in
Canada
www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca2
Canada’s Approach to Oceans Management• Oceans Act (1996) and Canada’s Oceans Strategy (2005) commitments
to:– Integrated Ocean Management (IOM) plans– National network of Marine Protected Areas– Marine Environmental Quality guidelines and standards
• Key premise: human activities are dependant on the health and viability of marine ecosystems
• Integrated Oceans Management: – Seeks to maintain the integrity of marine ecosystems & minimize
user conflicts by proactively identifying key ecological & human use values, collaboratively establishing objectives & developing and implementing plans to ensure the optimal use of ocean spaces.
– An ecosystem-based approach to management
www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca3
Integrated Oceans Management Planning Process
4
Bio-physical Overviews
Human Use Analyses and Activity Maps
Key Marine Ecosystem Features Identified
Planning Areas Identified
Oceans Governance Bodies
Strategic Management Plans completed
Initial Achievements / Products
Marine Protected Areas established
Marine Protected Area Network Planning
www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca5
EvaluationХ Most products were too general to be
usefulХ Lengthy and resource intensiveХ Planning process with broad
expectationsХ Lack of focus on key issues and
responsible authoritiesХ Difficult to demonstrate results
Information products & governance processes promoted stakeholder engagement
Increased scientific support & guidance Identification of significant ecosystem
components & functions (e.g. EBSAs) Advanced learning on how to proceed
(i.e. Focus on what is ecologically & socio-economically important)
www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca6
Focus on Problem Formulation• What are the planning priorities?
• What economic activities are occurring where?
• What is at risk?
– What are the ecological impacts?
– What are the socio-economic impacts?
– What are the trade-offs?
• Who is responsible for taking action?
• What management measures exist / what are the gaps?
• What specific governance is required?
www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca7
Adoption of an integrated Risk-based Approach:
• Identifying & characterizing marine use activities– Assessments to identify ecological stressors & potential
conflicts between uses
• Assessing individual & cumulative impacts of activities
– Development of ‘Pathways-of-Effects’ models for marine/coastal ecosystems
• Identifying science-based conservation limits– To ensure structural viability & functioning of marine
ecosystems
• Establishing operational objectives for planning areas
– Development of desirable state targets for ecosystems within context of Integrated Oceans Management plans
www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca8
New IOM/EBM Tools• We need another “information layer” on potential impacts to
establish the links between ecosystem and human activities to address effects and to select management priorities
• News tools under development:– Pathways of Effects (PoEs)
• What are the impacts of human activities on ecosystem components? (Activities Ecosystem)
• What are the impacts of affected ecosystems goods and services on other human uses? (Ecosystem Activities)
– Integrated Risk Analysis Framework• What is the likelihood that ecological effects may occur or are occurring as a result of
one or more identified pressures? • Way to prioritize issues based on actual risk versus perceived risk• A science-based framework from which to engage marine users and regulators
9
Step 1: Identify Ecological Values
10
Step 2: Geospatial Analysis of Key Pressures
www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca11
Step 3: Pathways of Effects to Identify Interactions and Potential Cumulative Effects
Pinnipeds and Cetaceans
Noise
Collisions
Entanglement
Fisheries(Lobster Pots)
Oil & gas
Fisheries(Gillnets)
Fisheries (Crab Pots)
Marine Transport
e.g. Human activities and pressures on pinnipeds and cetaceans
12
E.g.: Marine Shipping Pathways of EffectsMarine
TransportatonShipping
Operations (Under way)
In PortLoading /Unloading
NoiseIncreased
Nutrients In Water
Oils / Contaminants
In Water
Turbulent Vertical Mixing
Introduced Alien Species
Change in Fish Survival, Growth,
Reproduction
Change in Water Quality
(Contaminants)
Change inWater Quality
(Nutrients)
Reduced Feeding Success
Aquaculture Tourism & Recreation
Fisheries & Fish
Processing
Reduced Air Quality
Reduced BreedingSuccess
Structure
Decommission
Change in Benthic Habitat
Ballast Water Exchange
Discharge Waste Streams
Discharge Oils / Contaminants
Oils / Contaminants
In Water
Discharge Oils / Contaminants
Accidents
Discharge Waste Streams
Increased Nutrients In
Water
Larval Entrainment
IncreasedStress
Fish Populations / Fish Community
Marine Mammal Populations
Change in Phytoplankton
Change in Zooplankton
Discharge Atmospheric
Pollutants
Change in Benthic
Invertebrates
Change in Macrophytes
Benthic Community Human Health
Change in Water Quality
(Contaminants)
Fish Harvest
Biodiversity
Waves
Change In Riparian
Vegetation
1
Change in Benthic Habitat
2
Man
ouve
ring
near
sho
reSec
tor A
ctiv
ities
and
Sub
-act
iviti
esPr
essu
res
Impa
cts
Eco
syst
em
Com
pone
nts
Inte
grat
ive
End
-poi
nts
Soc
io-C
ultu
ral
Val
ues
Water Quality
Collisions
Injury / Mortality
Shallow
Climate
PMVOCSoxNOx
CO2
www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca13
Step 4: Risk Assessment
Conduct risk assessment with existing data/information
Determine which pressures and associated “paths” affect the EBSA feature: e.g. pinnipeds and cetaceans
Based on the results of the (fictive) assessment, collisions, followed bynoise from vessel traffic and seismic surveys, are the pressures that can the greatest affect on pinnipeds and cetaceans in and near West Coast of Newfoundland EBSA.
www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca14
Step 5: Establish targets, thresholds and indicators for component(s) at risk
Collision
Northwest AtlanticBlue Whale population
Avoidance
Mortality
Injury
Pressure Indicators Direct Indirect
Thresholds
Number of boats in the area
Population number
State Indicators
Targets
Size and speed of boats
To reach a level of 1,000 mature individuals or 70% of maximum historic population size
Pathways of EffectsPressures on Northwest Atlantic
Blue Whale population
Pressure
Effects
Ecosystemcomponent
To reduce collisions to less than one a year
www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca15
Step 6: Evaluate Existing Policy / Management Measures
• Identify accountable regulatory and/or non-regulatory management authorities
• Complete gap analysis to determine where management measures may not be present, enforced or effective in mitigating affects
• Evaluate effectiveness of existing management measures
• Identify need for new or adjustment to existing management measures– Select and implement new management
measures (e.g. codes of practice, regulations, standards, incentives, protection measures, etc) as required.
www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca16
Next Steps: New Integrative Tools
• Ongoing Pathways of Effects / Risk Assessment• Additional Geospatial development
– Targeted improvements in marine use information• Valuation of marine ecosystem goods and services
– To support cost/benefit analysis of management actions • Evaluation of existing/Development of new management
tools (e.g. codes of practices, standards, guidelines, etc)• Develop monitoring and reporting frameworks linked to
ecosystem priorities
www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca17
Thank you!
Darren WilliamsManager, Ocean Policy and Planning Unit
Fisheries and Oceans [email protected]