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SYLLABUS
DEPARTMENT OF SANSKRIT AND LEXICOGRAPHY
DECCAN COLLEGE
POST-GRADUATE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Pune-411 006 (India)
(Declared as Deemed to be University under Section 3 of U.G.C. Act 1956)
2012
2
SYLLABUS
Of
MASTER OF ARTS (M.A.)
IN SANSKRIT AND LEXICOGRAPHY
AND
CERTIFICATE COURSE IN RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
(For Ph.D. students)
Department of Sanskrit and Lexicography
Deccan College
Post-Graduate and Research Institute
Pune-411 006 (India)
(Declared as Deemed to be University under Section 3 of U.G.C. Act 1956)
2012
3
CONTENTS
M.A. DEGREE COURSE
Semester I
SL 101
GRAMMAR , LEXICOGRAPHY
SL 102 INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
SL 103 EPICS , PURĀṆAS
SL 104 POETICS
Semester II
SL 201 LEXICOGRAPHY , TRANSLATION STUDIES
SL 202 VEDIC STUDIES
SL 203 STUDIES IN THE DHARMAŚĀSTRA
SL 204 HISTORY OF CLASSICAL SANSKRIT LITERATURE
Semester III
COMPULSORY PAPERS
SL 301 SANSKRIT LEXICONS
SL 302 STUDIES IN ANCIENT ŚᾹSTRAS
OPTIONAL PAPERS
(VEDA-1,2 OR VEDᾹNTA-1,2 OR SᾹHITYA-1,2 OR VYĀKARAṆA -1,2 )
SL 303 VEDA-1 -NIRUKTA, ṚKPRᾹTIŚᾹKHYA, VEDIC GRAMMAR.
SL 304 VEDA-2- ŚATAPATHA BRᾹHMAṆA
4
SL305 VEDᾹNTA -1-BRAHMASŪTRABHᾹṢYA
SL306 VEDᾹNTA -2-SᾹṀKHYAKᾹRIKᾹ
SL307 SᾹHITYA-1- KᾹVYᾹLAṀKᾹRA, MṚCCHAKAṬIKA
SL308 SᾹHITYA-2-DAŚAKUMᾹRACARITA,HAṀSADŪTA
SL309 VYĀKARAṆA -1- MAHᾹBHᾹṢYA (ᾹHNIKA-1),
HISTORY OF GRAMMAR AND ŚIKṢᾹ
SL310 VYĀKARAṆA -2- SIDDHᾹNTAKAUMUDῙ, VᾹKYAPADῙYA
Semester IV
COMPULSORY PAPERS
SL 401 INDO-EUROPEAN LINGUISTICS , EPIGRAPHY
SL 402 DRAMATURGY
OPTIONAL PAPERS
(VEDA-3,4 OR VEDᾹNTA -3,4 OR SᾹHITYA-3,4 OR VYĀKARAṆA -3,4 )
SL 403 VEDA-3- ᾹPASTAMBA ŚRAUTASŪTRA, GOBHILA
GṚHYASŪTRA
SL 404 VEDA-4-KᾹTYᾹYANA ŚULBASŪTRA, ATHARVAVEDA ,
SᾹYAṆABHᾹṢYABHŪMIKᾹ
SL 405 VEDᾹNTA- 3 -NYᾹYASŪTRA ,ŚLOKAVᾹRTIKA
SL 406 VEDᾹNTA - 4 - SARVADARŚANASAṀGRAHA
SL 407 SᾹHITYA- 3 -MADHURᾹVIJAYA, PRAHASANA, BHᾹṆA
SL 408 SᾹHITYA - 4 -KᾹVYAPRAKᾹŚA, KATHᾹSARITSᾹGARA
5
SL 409 VYᾹKARAṆA-3 -AṢṬᾹDHYᾹYῙ, PARIBHᾹṢENDUŚEKHARA
SL 410 VYᾹKARAṆA- 4 - PARAMALAGHUMAÑJŪṢᾹ
SL 411 DISSERTATION
CERTIFICATE COURSE IN
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
(For Ph.D. students)
6
Department of Sanskrit and Lexicography
DECCAN COLLEGE POST-GRADUATE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Deemed University, Pune – 411 006.
SYLLABUS
M. A. COURSE
Semester I
SL 101 GRAMMAR AND LEXICOGRAPHY
A. Siddhāntakaumudī – Samāsa Sūtras: 648 – 986 30 M
(18 hrs.)
Siddhāntakaumudī is a prakaraṇa-grantha. Including all sub-sections, it has 75
prakaraṇas, i.e. sections. Samāsa-prakaraṇa (compound section) is one of them.
The authorship of the book goes to Bhattoji Dikshit (16th
A.D.).
The main types of compounds treated in this section are as follows:-
Sūtra nos. in
Siddhāntakaumudī
1. Avyayībhāva 648 – 684
2. Tatpuruṣa 685 – 829
3. Bahuvrīhi 830 – 902
4. Dvandva 903 – 932
5. Ekaśeṣa 933 – 986
7
This study encourages the students to get knowledge regarding the
compounds together with their treatment by Pāṇini and commentators
of later period.
Recommended Readings
Joshi, Bhargavashastri, 1942, Siddhāntakaumudī with Tattvabodhinī
and Subodhinī vyākhyā, Nirnayasagar Press, Mumbai.
Joshi, S. D.,1968, Analysis of the Topics discussed in the
Samarthāhnika Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali – Samarthāhnika, Centre of
Advance Studies in Sanskrit, Pune University, Pune.
Cardona, J. ,1975, Pāṇini : Survey of Research, Motilal Banarasidass,
New Delhi.
Roodbergen, J.A.F. , 2012, Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini : A Brief Exposition,
Vaidika Samshodhan Mandal, Pune.
B. Siddhāntakaumudī – Kāraka 30M
(18 hrs.)
The Kāraka-prakaraṇa of the Siddhāntakaumudī deals with both syntax and
semantics, as the term Kāraka refers the means of accomplishing the action
denoted by the verb. It deals with semantics, as the term, kāraka, without the affix
- vibhakti, means the case relation. The Sanskrit language has six kārakas as kartṛ
agent, karman object, karaṇa instrument, sampradāna recipient, apādāna ablation
and adhikaraṇa locus, seven cases viz. prathamā the nominative, dvitīyā
8
accusative, tṛtīyā instrumental, caturthī dative, pañcamī ablative, ṣaṣṭhī genitive
and saptamī locative. This section in the siddhāntakaumudi gives all the norms
together, regarding each kāraka and case. This helps the learner to study a
perspective into the ancient tradition of Semantics.
Recommended Readings
Abhyankar, K.V.,1961, A Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar Vols. I-III,
Oriental Institute, Baroda.
Katre, S.M.,1968, Dictionary of Pāṇini, Silver Jubilee Series, 53, Deccan
College, Pune.
Otto Bӧhtling, K.,1964, (reprint), Pāṇini’s Grammatik, Georg Olms,
Verlagsbuchhandlung, Hildesheim.
Kielhorn, F. (Ed.) ,1885, The Vyākaraṇamahābhāṣya, Governmental Central
Book Depot., Bombay.
Vasu S.C. (Ed.), 1962, The Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini, (Text with Translation)
Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi.
Vasu S.C. (Ed. And translator) ,1962, The Siddhāntakaumudī of Bhaṭṭoji
Dīkṣita, (Text with Translation) Motilal Banarasidass, New Delhi.
Jayāditya, Vāmana , 1978, Kāśikāvṛtti ,Arsha Kanya Gurukula Narela,
Delhi.
C. Basics of Lexicography 20M
(12 hrs.)
Dictionary making is a complex process which requires lots of patience and staff
having knowledge of different aspects of language. The Department is involved in
9
a renowned project of Dictionary-making since 1948. The objective behind
incorporation of this paper in the syllabus is training new hands to join the
work of dictionary-making. Some basic principles of Dictionary-making are
taught in this paper which includes - Purpose and use of Dictionary, Definition of
Dictionary , Lexicology and Lexicography, Lexicology and Linguistics , Practical
and Theoretical Dictionaries , History of „An encyclopaedic Dictionary of Sanskrit
on Historical principles‟ at DCPRI in brief , Basic notions of corpus, reference
works, chronology and Key-elements of Dictionary. Thus this study makes all the
ground-work, necessary for a researcher to know about the encyclopaedias and
dictionaries along with the practicals. In the practicles, the students get the hands-
on experience of Dictionary making.
Recommended Readings
Zgusta, Ladislav, 1971, Manual of Lexicography, Academia Publishing
House, Mouton, Paris.
Singh, Ram Adhar ,1982, An Introduction to Lexicography, Central Institute
of Indian Languages, Mysore.
Katre, S.M.1965,Lexicography, Annamalai University, Madras.
Ghatage, A.M. 1976, Vol.1, ‘An encyclopaedic Dictionary of Sanskrit based
on Historical principles’, Deccan College Publication, Pune.
10
SL 102 INIDAN PHILOSOPHY
A. Selected passages from Upaniṣads 30M
(18 hrs.)
Upaniṣads, the last part of the Vedic literature form an integral part of Indian
philosophy. They represent theoretical explanation of metaphysical concepts.
Spiritual knowledge expressed by the Upaniṣads led to the exposition of the
Absolute Reality. It is noticed that thoughts recorded in the Upaniṣads are of
diverse nature; they are true experiences, realizations of philosophical conceptions.
Six passages of Upaniṣads dealing with such varied speculations and topics are
incorporated in the syllabus.
1. Māṇḍūkyopaniṣad expresses identity between three letters of Om,viz. a,
u and m and three stages of the Ātman, viz. waking, dream and deep
sleep.
2. Bṛhadāraṇyakopaniṣad 4.5 - Yājñavalkya-Maitreyī dialogue establishes
that aspect of detachment which is very much necessary for attainment
of the knowledge of Brahman. It further states the discourse of
Ᾱtmajñāna given to Maitreyī by Yājñavalkya.
3. Kaṭhopaniṣad vallis 1-3 narrate the story of Yama and Naciketas. This
portion mentions that Yama gave three boons and also the knowledge of
Ᾱtman to Naciketas.
4. Chāndogyopaniṣad 5.3-24 mainly mentions Pañcāgnividyā, knowledge
of the path of a dead person and the preaching of Aśvapati Kaikeya.
5. Śvetāśvataropaniṣad 6.1-23 expounds the Reality in terms of theism.
11
6. Taittirīyopaniṣad 2.1-9 describes Pañcakośas -5 Sheaths are one after
another in order to point out the innermost self.
Thus, these selected passages present fundamental idealogy of ancient
Indian philosophical texts.
Recommended Readings
Belvalkar, S.K. & Ranade, R.D. 2012, History of Indian Philosophy, New
Bhartiya book corporation, Delhi.
Dasgupta, S.N.1963, History of Indian Philosophy Vol.I, Motilal
Banarsadass, Delhi.
Limaye, V. P. & Vadekar R.D., 1958, Aṣṭādaśa-Upaniṣad, Vaidika
Samshodhan Mandal, Pune.
Hume, Robert Ernest., 1934, Upaniṣad - Transalation from the Sanskrit,
Oxford University Press, London.
Radhakrishanan, S., 1953, Principal Upaniṣad, George Allen & Unwin Ltd.,
London.
B.
Jaiminīyanyāyamālāvistara 1.1.1-3
20M
(12 hrs.)
There are six principal Darśanas or disciplines of Indian Philosphy, viz.
Pūrvamīmāṁsā, Uttaramīmāṁsā, Sāṁkhya, Yoga, Nyāya and Vaiśeṣika,
propounded respectively by Jaimini, Vyāsa, Kapila, Patañjali, Gautama and
Kaṇāda. The term Mīmāṁsā means profound thought, reflection, consideration,
12
inquiry, investigation leading to legitimate decision.The Pūrvamīmāṁsā or
Karmamīmāṁsā chiefly concerns with the correct interpretation of Vedic
statements and with the settlement of doubtful points in the Vedic texts.
The origin of Mīmāṁsā can be traced in early treatises like Taittirīya
Saṁhitā and Brāhmaṇa, Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa etc. Then Jaimini composed the
Nyāya, i.e.Mīmāṁsāsūtras and systematically designed the discipline of Mīmāṁsā
based on pure logic. In order to explain the meaning of these Sūtras,
Mādhavācārya, a renowned minister of Bukkarāya composed the Kārikās, known
as Jaiminīyanyāyamālā. Further he himself wrote an exhaustive commentary
named Vistara on his Kārikās for the sake of proper understanding of the Sūtras
and Kārikās. He has explained every topic of discussion as per the views of
Kumārila Bhaṭṭa and Prabhākara Guru, the main preceptors of Mīmāṁsā. Thus
this text provides the advanced theory of Mīmāṁsakas in the science of the
sentence-meaning and regarding the understanding of Vedic Sentences.
Recommended Readings
Apte, Hari Narayana (Ed.), 1916, Jaiminīya-Nyāyamālā-Vistara,
Anandashrama Mudranalaya, Pune.
Shastri, T. Shubha (Ed.), 1929, Mīmāṁsāsūtra With Śābarbhāṣya,
Anandashrama Sanskrit Granthavali, Pune.
Thadani , 1952, Mīmāṁsā , N .V. Bharati Research Institute, Delhi.
Jha, Ganganatha, 1933, Śābarabhāṣya Vol. I-III, Oriental Institute, Baroda.
Kevalananda Saraswati, 1952, Mimāmsākośa Vol.vii, Pradnya Pathashala
Mandal , Satara.
13
C. Siddhāntamuktāvalī - Pratyakṣakhaṇḍa 30M
(18 hrs.)
This text highlights different concepts related to seven categories of
the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika system, which have been discussed under the four sections:
Perception (pratyakṣa), Inference (anumāna), Analogy (upamāna) and Verbal
testimony (śabda). The present teaching programme concentrates only on the first
section Pratyakṣakhaṇḍa which includes some of the topics like Mangalavāda,
establishment of God, concepts of universal, inherence, negation, cause, types of
perception and their process and so on. This tudy gives the idea about
fundamental principles of the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika system.
Recommended Readings
Acarya, Narayan Ram, 1952, Siddhāntamuktāvalī of Viśvanātha
Nyāyapañcānana Pratyakṣakhaṇḍa, Nirnayasagar press, Bombay.
Swami Madhavananda, 1954, (Tr.) Bhāṣāpariccheda with
Siddhāntamuktāvalī of Viśvanātha Nyāyapañcānana, Advaita Ashrama,
Calcutta.
Nyāyasiddhāntamuktāvalī with the Prabhā commentary of Nrisiṁhadeva
Meherchand Lakshmandass, 1929, Lahore.
Chatterjee, S.C., 1939, The Nyāya Theory of Knowledge, University of
Calcutta, Culcutta.
Guha, Dinesh Chandra, 1979, Navya-Nyāya System of Logic, Motilal
Banarasidass, Delhi.
Ingalls, Daniel H. H., 1951, Materials for the Study of Navya-Nyāya Logic,
Harvard University Press , Cambridge.
14
Motilal, Bimal K., 1968, The Navya-Nyāya Doctrine of Negation, Harvard
University Press , Cambridge.
Vidyabhushana, Satisha Chandra, 1970, Reprint 1978, A History of Indian
Logic, Motilal Banarsidass , Delhi.
SL 103 EPICS AND PURĀṆAS
A. Rāmāyaṇa 25M
(15 hrs.)
The Rāmāyaṇa and the Mahābhārata are the two famous epics which stand
foremost among the many valuable relics of the world literature of India.The epic
Rāmāyaṇa, woven out of the old time sagas of the ancient Ᾱryans of India, has
permanent interest for the people of India. The Hindus look upon the Ᾱryan heroes
of Indian epics as ancestors of their race; and fondly pride themselves in their
mighty deeds.
The Rāmāyaṇa composed by Vālmīki, has a great value independent of either
history or allegory which they enshrine. Its appeal to the prediction for the
marvelous and the beautiful is enormous. The Rāmāyaṇa is divided into seven
books (kāṇḍas). Viz. The first book, the Bālakāṇḍa, the Ayodhyākāṇḍa, the
Araṇyakāṇḍa, the Kiṣkiṇḍhākāṇḍa, the Sundarakāṇḍa, the Yuddha kāṇḍa and the
Uttara kāṇḍa .
The first portion (Sargas 30-40) is taken from the third book of Araṇyakāṇḍa. The
Sargas describe the story of Mārīca, assuming the form of a wonderful dear, who
captivates Sītā‟s fancy, and lures Rāma off in to the woods. At Sītā‟s urging,
15
Laksmaṇa leaves Sītā and follows Rāma. Rāvaṇa, in the meantime, carries off Sīta
by force. Rāmā‟s friend Jaṭāyu, attempts to save Sītā but falls mortally wounded.
The second portion (Sargas 8-24) is taken from the fourth book of Kiṣkindhākāṇda.
The Sargas describe the story of Rāma meeting Hanūmān and Sugrīva. Sugrīva
tells his rivalry with the monkey king Vālin and seeks Rāmā‟s help for killing
Vālin and taking his throne. Accordingly Rāma shoots Vālin from ambush while
the latter is engaged in combat with Sugrīva.
The third portion (Sargas 30-38) is taken from the fifth book of Sundarakāṇḍa. The
Sargas describe the story of Hanūmāns heroic leap across the ocean and the
monkey hero‟s exploration of the city of Laṅkā. After much effort, Hanūmān finds
the despondent princess and reassures her by giving her Rāma‟s signet ring as a
sign of good faith. By this study, the students get to know about the first great
epic of classical Sanskrit composed by Ᾱdikavi Vālmiki.
Recommended Readings
Winternitz, Maurice, 1972, History of Indian Literature, University of
Calcatta, Calcatta.
Dutt, M.N., 2004, Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki, Parimal Publications, Delhi.
Satavalekar, Shreepad, 1941, Vālmīkirāmāyaṇa, Svadhyaya Mandal - Bharat
Mudranalaya, Aundh.
Joshi, P.N., 1986, Sārtha-Śrīvālmīkirāmāyaṇa, Vidarbha Marathawada Book
Co., Pune.
16
B. Mahābhārata 25M
(15 hrs.)
The Mahābhārata, composed by Vyāsa, is a great epic of Indian literature known as
Itihāsa. It is the longest literary work in the world. From historical point of view it
is a narration of Kuru clan. Mainly it gives detailed story of the Kauravas and the
Pāṇḍavas, particularly their conflict for succession and its consequence, the
Mahābhārata war.
The Mahābhārata is an encyclopaedia of Indian culture. It depicts the picture of
contemporary society which highlights political wisdom, culture, morality, code of
conduct, religion, philosophical doctrines in the course of narration.
The first passage is from Ᾱdiparvan 62- 69 which narrates the story of
Duṣyanta and Śakuntalā.
The passage from Virāṭapravan 13-23 tells the story of Pāṇḍavas staying in
disguise in the kingdom of Virāṭa. It covers famous episode of the killing of
Kīcaka.
The passage from Udyogaparvan 33-37& 40 deals with Vidūranīti. Thoughts
of the great politician Vidūra tries to pacify king Dhṛtarāṣṭra‟s agitation with
the words full of wisdom. At the same time he speaks about the king‟s
wrong attitude towards Pāṇḍavas.
The chapters 61-66, 100-103 from Anuśāsanaparvan contain praise of donations
like that of earth, food, water, cow, lamp etc.
This study gives out the glimpses of Ancient Indian History related to the
greatest clan which ruled over India.
17
Recommended Readings
Sukathankar, Vishnu. S. (Ed.), 1997, Mahābhārata, (Critical Edition )
Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune.
Walimbe, R.S., 2008, Mahābhārata, Vidarbha Marathawada Book Co.,
Pune.
Dutta, M.N., 2003, Mahābhārata, Parimal Publication, Delhi.
Buitenen, J.A.B.Van., 1973, Mahābhārata, University of Chicago,
Chicago.
Roy, Pratap Chandra., 1955, Mahābhārata, Oriental Publishing Co.,
Calcutta.
C. Purāṇas 30M
(18 hrs.)
Purāṇas are the second important Sanskrit texts of ancient India maintaining their
antiquity and sanctity only next to the Vedas. The purpose of their composition, it
is believed, is to spread the Vedic knowledge in a simple way among the masses
who do not qualify to study the Vedas. Scholars have divided all important Purāṇa
texts into two groups namely major or great Purāṇas (Mahāpurāṇa) and minor
Purāṇas (Upapurāṇa) each consisting of 18 individual Purāṇas. These texts deal
with quite a large number of topics like creation, destruction and recreation,
genealogy of the ancient seers, periods of the original rulers of the human race,
history of important royal dynasties, exploits of gods and demons, eulogies of
some divine beings incarnations of Lord Viṣṇu, narrations of various legends,
instructions on same important religious ceremonies and observances etc.,
philosophical discourses, abstract ideas such as devotion, enlightenment, final
emancipation, religious merits , sins heaven and hell, rebirth and so on.
18
In the present course of study are included three important Puranic episodes
chosen from three major Purāṇas, viz., Dhruva from the Viṣṇu Purāṇa, glory of the
Goddess Mahāmāyā from the Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa and Rāsa-dance from the
Bhāgavata Purāṇa. These episodes contain the following themes - a young boy‟s
undeterred devotion to Lord Viṣṇu and his meditation on the Lord yielding him the
unique position of the brightest star in the sky, mother goddess triumph the
demoniac forces of nature and the intense love of the guileless ladies of Vṛndāvana
towards Lord Kṛiṣṇa leading them to their final beatitude.
All these episodes briefly inform about the nature and philosophy of the
Purāṇas and about their importance in the Indian ideaology regarding
History and notions of Bhakti.
Recommended Readings
Gupta, Munilal (Ed.), 1990, Viṣṇupurāṇa , Gita Press, Gorakhapur.
Wilson, H.H., 1961, Viṣṇupurāṇa, Punthi Pustak, Calcutta.
Pathak, Sarvananda, 1967, Viṣṇupurāṇa kā Bhārata, Chaukhamba
Sanskrit Series. , Varanasi.
Shukla, Shraddha, 1998, Śrīviṣṇumahāpurāṇa part 1, Naag
Prakashana, Delhi.
Prasad, S. S., 1984, Bhāgavatapurāṇa - A literary Study, Capital
Publishing House, Delhi.
Pandey, Girish, 1999, Bhāgavatam, Amar Grantha Publications,
Delhi.
Poddar, Hanuman Prasad (Ed.), 1952, Śrimad Bāgavatam, Gita Press,
Gorakhpur.
Joshi, K. L. (Ed.), 2012, Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇa, Parimal Publications,
Delhi,
19
Pergiter, F. E., 1969, Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇa - Vol. I, Sanskrit College,
Varanasi.
Hazra, R.C., 1958, Studies in the Upapurāṇa, Sanskrit College,
Calcutta.
Rocher, Ludo, (Ed.) Jan Gonda, 1986, History of Sanskrit Literature:
Purāṇas, Wiesbaden.
SL 104 POETICS
A. Outlines of Sanskrit Poetics 50M
(30 hrs.)
Poetics is that science which deals with the reasons and nature of joy or
pleasure one gets after relishing the poetry. Poetry is the combination of words and
their meanings, so this science also includes the theories regarding nature of words,
their meanings and also the discussion on processes of how the meanings are
conveyed. Thus the scope or subject-matter of this science covers various theories
regarding the nature, purposes of poetry along with the pre-requisites of it as well
as various factors that make it attractive. It makes the students conversant with
the theories regarding these factors which are mainly six giving the thinking
on aesthetics, the nature of poetry. This study also includes introduction to
important authors who gave theories of Poetics.
Recommended Readings
De, S. K., 1963, Sanskrit Poetics as Study of Asthetic, Oxford University
Press, Bombay.
De & Dasgupta , 1947, History of Sanskrit Literature, University of
Calcutta, Calcutta.
20
Kane, P.V., 1957, History of Sanskrit Poetics, Nirnayasagar Press,
Bombay.
Deshpande, G.T.,First Edn.1958, IVth Edn. 2013, Bharatīya Sāhityaśāstra,
Popular Prakashana, Mumbai.
Ketkar, Godavari, 1963, Bharatāce Nāṭyaśāstra 2nd
Ed., Popular
Prakashana, Mumbai.
Jog, R.S., 2004, Abhinava Kāvyaprakāśa, Venus Prakashana, 11th
Ed., Pune.
Arjunwadkar, Mangrulkar, Hatwalne, 1962, Kāvyaprakāśa, Ullāsa 1, 2,3 and
10, Deshmukh Prakashana, Pune.
Ingalls, Daniel H.H., 1990, Dhvanyāloka of Anandavardhana with Locana
of Abhinavgupta, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Patwardhan, M.V. and Virakar P.N., 1983, Dhvanyāloka with Commentary
Locana, Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya Sanskriti Mahamandal, Mumbai.
Athawale, R.B., 1953, (Text and Tr.)Rasagaṅgādhara of Jagannātha, Tilak
Maharashtra Vidyapitha, Pune.
Kangale, R.P., 1974, Daśarūpakavidhāna, Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya
Sanskriti Mandal, Mumbai.
Kangale, R.P, 1973, Rasabhāvavicāra, Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya Sanskriti
Mandala, Mumbai.
Dalal, C.D. & Sastry R.A. (Ed.), 1934, Kāvyamīmāṁsā by Rājaśekhara,
Oriental Institute, Baroda.
Nagendra, B.R., 1987, A Dictionary of Sanskrit Poetics, Publishing
Corporation, Delhi.
Gajendragadkar, A.B., 1939, (Tr.) Kāvyaprakāśa of Mammaṭa,
Aryabhushana Press, Pune.
21
B. Meghadūta 30M
(18 hrs.)
This is a master piece of poetry by Kalidasa . The world-famous poet describing the
a story of a Yaksa from Alaka , sent on exile by his master for a period of one year
due to some unknown mistake on his part. Yakṣa, separated from his beloved, and
somehow leading his life with great difficulty in the hermitages at Ramagiri , sees a
monsoon cloud . Possessed by an innovative idea of making this cloud a messanger
for his beloved , Yakṣa tells the cloud the way to reach his home -town, Alakā and
gives his message to his beloved . The poem divided into two parts - Pūrvamegha
and Uttaramegha - contains about 120 stanzas in Mandakranta metre .
Along with feast of fanciful imagination of the great poet, study of this poem
offers a geographical sketch of the northan India at the time of Kālidāsa and
the beautiful sketch of the landscape in different seasons.
Recommended Readings
De, S.K., 1957, The Meghaduta of Kalidasa , Sahitya Academy, New
Delhi.
Kale, M.R., 1969, The Meghaduta of Kalidasa , Motilal Banarasidass,
New Delhi.
Shastri, S.R., 1963, Meghasandeśa, Balmanorama Press, Madras.
22
Semester II
SL 201 LEXICOGRAPHY AND TRANSLATION STUDIES
A. Outlines of Modern Lexicography 40M
(24 hrs.)
„An encyclopaedic Dictionary of Sanskrit based on Historical principles‟ at DCPRI
is designed as per the norms of modern lexicography. In continuation with the
syllabus of Lexicography in Semester I , some more details of lexicography and
the modern practices will be taught in this semester. The detailed syllabus consists
of the following things.
Typology of Dictionaries- Criteria for classification, classification of reference-
works based on lexical and non-lexical information, classification of reference-
works based on concept, terms and vocabulary.
Dictionary making phase I – Planning, Blue print, Collection of material,
Collection of material for different types of Dictionaries, selection of entries.
Dictionary making phase II- Editing, Proper setting of entries, Dictionary entry,
Contents of the entry, Head word, Spelling and pronunciation,
Grammatical information, Meaning description and definition.
Dictionary making phase III - Preparation of press-copy , Arrangement of
entries, Types of arrangement, Alphabetical, Semantic or ideological arrangement,
Other arrangements, Nesting, Subentries, Run on words, Setting of lemmata,
Grammatical status, Meaning analysis .
Thus the students get the knowledge of modern and basic principles of
Dictionary-making with proper illustrations.
23
Recommended Readings
Zgusta, Ladislav, 1971, Manual of Lexicography, Academia Publishing
House, Mouton, Paris.
Singh, Ram Adhar, 1982, An Introduction to Lexicography, CIIL, Mysore.
Katre, S.M., 1965, Lexicography, Annamalai University, Madras.
Ghatage, A.M., 1976, Introduction of Vol.1 An encyclopaedic Dictionary of
Sanskrit based on Historical principles , Deccan College Publication, Pune.
B. Translation Studies 40M
(24 hrs.)
Translation involves conversion of the text from one language to another. It is a
task where the meaning of expression from one language (SL- Source language) is
turned into another language (TL-Target language) whether the medium is written,
spoken or signed. It is an art as well as a science. It deals with some technical and
some scientific aspects at the same time. The artistic and aesthetic aspects are also
assumed in this process.
This paper of Translation Studies includes history of translation, different types of
translations, different theories regarding translation, untranslatability etc. It also
includes practising and analysing the process of translation from one language (SL)
to another language (TL) so as to observe the transmission of knowledge, trends,
developments and thoughts.
Thus this study furnishes stable ground of principles and ideology regarding
the understanding of any language and also provides them with additional
knowledge necessary for understanding the science of Lexicography.
24
Recommended Readings
Asher, R.E. (Ed.), 1994, The encyclopaedia of language and Linguistics,
Pergaman Press, Oxford.
Bassnett-McGuire, 1980, Translation Studies, Methuen, London, NewYork.
Nida, E.A. and Taber C.R., 1969, The Theory and Practice of Translation,
E.J.Brill , Leiden.
Newmark, Peter, 1998, Text book of translation, Prentice Hall Elt., London.
SL 202 VEDIC STUDIES
A. Ṛgveda 25M
(15 hrs.)
The inclusion of the selected hymns from the Rgveda is to introduce the students to
the earliest literature of the world. The introductory topics such as the arrangement
of Rgveda , its date, variety of its subject-matter, the deities, accents etc. will be
dealt in detail. The syllabus comprises of the following hymns:
1. ṚV. 1.1 Agni hymn
2. ṚV. 1.154 Viṣṇu hymn
3. ṚV. 6.54 Pūṣan hymn
4. ṚV. 7.55 Prasvāpinī Upaniṣad
5. ṚV. 8.91 Apālā hymn
6. ṚV. 10.90 Puruṣa hymn
7. ṚV. 10.108 Saramā-Paṇi hymn
8. ṚV. 10.129 Nāsadīya hymn
25
This study will, on a smaller scale, give the students an idea about the
language, style, mythology and other peculiarities of the Vedic literature
and will introduce them to the vast literature broadly.
Recommended Readings
Citrav, Siddheshwara Shastri, 1928, Sampūrṇa Ṛgvedāce Marāṭhī
Bhāṣāntara, Lokasamgraha Chhapakhana, Pune.
Griffith, R.T.H., (Tr.) 1973, The Hymns of Rgveda , Motilal Banarasidass,
Delhi.
Macdonell, A.A., 1917, Vedic Reader for Students, Oxford University Press,
Oxford.
Sontakke, N.S. and Kshikar C.G. (Ed.), 1933-1946, Ṛgvedasaṃahitā
Sāyaṇabhāṣyasametā, Vaidik Samshodhan Mandal, Pune.
Velankar, H.D., Paradkar M.D. and Joshi G.V. (Ed.), 1965,
Ṛksūktavaijayantī, Vaidika Samshodhana Mandal, Pune.
B. Atharvaveda 25M
(15 hrs.)
Atharvaveda, generally known as the Veda of the masses, bears every distinct
nature and characteristic features. Its main focus „the man‟, with all his emotions,
feelings so its hymns describe the throbbing of this individual, going through
various turmoils of life and expressing his natural intuitions. Therefore, the hymns
of this Veda are not, primarily, prayers and glorifications to the deities, but are the
spontaneous outcome of his desire for security, good health, long life and fear for
the unknown and efforts to win over this fear, along with its causes. Hymns chosen
26
for the study from the huge collection represent mostly all the feelings of man and
also speak out the means also he has undertaken to achieve his aim.
10 Sūktas (1.5,6,14 ; 2.36 ; 4.13,33 ; 5.20 ; 6.124 ; 7.8(9); 10.1)
These hymns will inform the students about the changing notions about
deities, mythology and ritual and also about the feelings of common man in
general
Recommended Readings
Viśva Bandhu, (Ed.), 1990(Ed.II), Atharvavedasaṁhitā with Sāyaṇa’s
Commentry, Vishveshwarananda Vedic Research Institute, Hoshiarpur,
Punjab.
Whitney, W.D. (Tr.), 1971, The Atharvaveda, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi.
Bloomfield, M. (Tr.), 1964, The Atharvaveda, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi.
Griffth, RTH (Tr.) , 1968, The Atharvaveda , Motilal Banarasidass,
Varanasi,
Chitrav, Siddheshwara Sastri (Tr.), 1972, Atharvavedᾱche Mar ᾱṭhi
Bhᾱṣᾱntara , Srī Amṛteśwara Devasthᾱna , Pune.
Bloomfild, M. (Ed.), 1899, Atharvaveda & GopathaBrahmana , Asian
Publication Services, Strassburg.
Bloomfild, M. (Ed.), 1872, The Kauśikasūtra of Atharva Veda, (With
extracts from the commentaries of Dārila and Keśava) (Reprint), Motilal
Banarsidass, Delhi.
Mehra, B.S. , 1994, Śrauta Sacrifices in the Atharvaveda, Sunjay Prakashan,
Delhi.
27
Purohit, Motilal, 1998, Atharvāṅgirasaparamparāme Saṁskṛtikamūlya,
Pratibha Prakashan, Delhi.
Shende, N.J., 1952, Religion & Philosophy of the Atharvaveda, Bhandarkar
Oriental Series No.8, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune .
C. Yajurveda 30M
(18 hrs.)
Rudrādhyāya – Taittirīyasaṁhitā (4.5.1-11)
The Veda is the earliest literature of mankind. The Veda, literary the sacred divine
knowledge, consists of the Ṛgveda, Yajurveda, Sāmaveda, and Atharvaveda. There
were 101 recensions of the Yajureveda. However, at present only the Taittirīya,
Maitrāyaṇi, Kāṭhaka and Kapiṣṭhala of Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda and Vājasaneyi
Mādhyandina and Vājasaneyi Kāṇva of Śukla Yajurveda are available.
The Rudrādhyāya in the Taittirīyasaṁhitā (4.5.1-11) consists of 11 Anuvākas
named as Śatarudrīya or Namaka and further 11 Anuvākas are named as
Vasordhārā or Camaka. It occurs in all the 101 recessions of the Yajurveda and it
praises Rudra with hundred epithets, hence it is named as Śatarudrīyasaṁhitā.
The Rudrādhyāya is considered as the essence or nectar of the whole of Vedic lore.
It is employed in certain ritual of Agnicayana as well as in the meditation for
salvation. Hence, tradition recognizes it as the exposition of knowledge through
action.
This study of the Rudrādhyāya will make the students aware of the
evolutionary mythology of the Vedas in general and development of it in the
ritualistic Saṁhitās, with the rituals in particular.
28
Recommended Readings
Sontakke, N.S. & Dharmadhikari T.N (Ed.), 1990, Taittirīyasaṁhitā (Kāṇḍa-4), Vaidika Samshodhana Mandal, Pune.
Bhide, V.V. & Thite G.U., 1987, Taittirīyasaṁhitā Part.1 (Tr.), University
of Poona, Pune.
Bapat, (Dikshit) D.G. (Ed.), 1916, Taittirīyasaṁhitā part.1 (Marathi
translation), Kanpur.
Kashikar, C. G., 1977, Srautadharmᾱcī Svarūpaciktitsᾱ, Pune University
Publication, Pune.
Dandekar, R.N., 1953, Rudra in Veda, Pune University Publication, Pune.
Khadilakar, K.P., 1940, Khadilakarᾱnchᾱ Rudra , Khadilakar K.P., Pune.
Macdonell, A.A., 1897, Vedic Mythology, Verlag Von Karl. J. Trubner,
Strassburg.
SL 203 STUDIES IN THE DHARMAŚĀSTRA
A. Gautamadharmasūtra (Praśna 1)
20M
(12 hrs.)
The Dharmasūtras form a part of Kalpasūtras. They prescribe rules of conduct of a
man as a member of Aryan community. The principle sources of Dharma were
conceived to be the Vedas, Smṛtis and customs. Gautama Dharmasūtra was
specially studied by the followers of the Sāmaveda.
The first Praśna consists of nine chapters dealing with various topics like
Purification, studentship, times of distress, duties of Snātaka etc.
29
This study gives the idea of the importance of the sacred perfections or
Saṁskāras and about the social and individual ethics laid down by the
authorities.
Recommended Readings
Gautamadhramasūtra, 1876, Calcutta edn. , Calcutta.
Pandeya Umesh Chanrda (Ed.), 1986, Gautamadharmasūtra,
Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi.
Gautamadharmasūtra with commentary by Haradatta, 1966,
AnandashramaSanskrit Series, Pune.
Bühler Georg (Tr.), 1965, Gautama Dharmasūtra, Motilal Banarasidas,
Delhi.
Bi. Manusmṛti 20M
(12 hrs.)
The Dāyavibhāga (Partition of Inheritance) of the Mānava-dharmaśātra of
Manu (Code of law of Manu or Manusmṛti)
The Mānava Dharmaśāstra of Manu, popularly known as Manusmṛti (Manu's code
of Law), is probably the most authoritative work on Indian code of Law. However,
the term Dharma (code) occurs as early as in the Ṛgveda itself. Two Indian
exponents of Law, namely, Manu and Yājñavalkya, systematized the Indian code
of law and wrote Mānava Dharmaśāstra (Manusmṛti) and Yājñavalkyasmṛti .
Now as regards the subject matters of Manu's code of Law , it generally deals with
i) Creation of world ii) Sources of Dharma; iii) the Dharma of the four social
classes iv) Law of Karma. Now as regards the specific topics dealt in
30
„Inheritance‟- it deals with the topics such as - duty of the eldest son, share of the
eldest son, share of the youngest son, concept of female son, share of unmarried
daughter, concept of putra, concept of adopted son, sons by wives of different
castes, concept of son born to a prostitute, concept of natural son, law of all
brothers becoming putrin, three pitṛs who are to be offered water, six types of
marriages and six types of woman's property and those children who are not
qualified for share.
Thus this study of the earlier texts of the important Smṛtis and the portain
related to inheritance, will give the information about the origin of the rules
and notions regarding social norms forming legislative rules in the History.
Recommended Readings
Bühler, G., 1964, The Laws of Manu, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi.
Kane, P.V., 1930, History of Dharmaśāstra, BORI publication , Pune.
Shastri, T. Ganapati (Ed.), 1924, Kauṭilīya Arthaśātra, Trivandrum Sanskri
Series, Trivendrum.
Olivelle, P., 2005, Manu’s Cod of Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Kangle, R.P., 1963, The Kautilīya Arthaśāstra, The University of Bombay
publications, Bombay.
Shastri, T. Gaṇapati (Ed.), 1912, Kāmandaka Nītisārā, Trivandrum
Sanskrit Series, Trivandrum.
Gurjar, J.M. (Ed.), 1877, Manusmṛti prᾱkrita bhᾱṣᾱntarasahita,
Nirnaysagar Press, Bombay.
31
Bii. Yājñavalkyasmṛti 20M
(12 hrs.)
Smṛti texts are the codes of law, handed down by tradition. They are the law-
books, authoritative for human conduct. In Indian tradition their authority is
considered next to the Śrutis. Yājñavalkya who composed Yājñavalkyasmṛti
flourished in 5th
A.D. This text is divided in three parts - Ᾱcārādhyāya,
Vyavahārādhyāya and Prāyaścittādhyāya.
This study aims to understand those verses of the Prāyaścittādhyāya that deal
with expiations for various types of sins or bad conducts, the nature of and
classification as five Mahāpātakas, heinous sins and Upapātakas, minor sins
and their expiations .Selection of Yājñavalkyasmṛti gives the normative views
of an important authority about the activities and behavior of man in the
society.
Recommended Readings
Acarya, Narayana Ram (Ed.), 1985, The Yājñavalkyasmṛti, Nag publishers,
Delhi.
Gharpure, J.R., 1939, The Yājñavalkyasmṛti (Tr.), V.J Gharpure, Mumbai.
C. Smṛticandrikā 20M
(12 hrs.)
Smṛticandrikā belongs to the discipline of Dharmaśāstra. This text is significant in
the sense that it has brought together the views of many Dharmasūtrakāras on
different issues. This paper proposes to study the Adhyāyas 17 to 27 in the III book
32
of Smṛticandrikā, discussing Vyavahāra, related to the topic of witnesses. While
dealing with the notion of witness it discusses the characteristics of (eligible)
witness, and of non-witness i.e. non-eligible witness, their features and some
devices of examining witness, and consequences of one being false witness and so
on. It also shows its modern relevance to the present judiciary system. This study
presents the importance of witness in legal process.
Recommended Readings
Shrinivasacharya, L. (Ed.), 1988, Smṛticandrikā of
Yājnikadevaṇabhaṭṭopādhyāya, Vol-III, Nag Publishers, Delhi.
Kane, P.V., 1941, History of Dharmaśāstra, Bhandarkar Oriental Research
Institute, Pune.
Gharpure, J.R., 1946, The Smṛtichandrikᾱ (Tr.), V.J Gharpure, Mumbai.
SL 204 HISTORY OF SANSKRIT LITERATURE
A. History of Classical Sanskrit Literature 50M
(30 hrs.)
This topic aims to introduce the students to the style and salient features of
differents poets in Sanskrit Literature which begins with the advent of Christian
era, and flows through years meandering in various forms. This Literature is called
classical as it contains a different type of Sanskrit from that found in the Vedas and
two great poems, Rāmāyaṇa, called as the Ᾱdikāvya, and Mahābhārata, known as
Itihāsa. This study includes the study of various poets, and numerous types of
compositions in Sanskrit. They are Mahākāvyas, dramas, stories and narratives,
parables, stotras and śatakas, historical poems and prose romances.
33
Thus the study will present a graph of the expression of poetic ideas, through
various types of compositions and the students will get some idea about most
of the doyens of Sanskrit literature in all its aspects.
Recommended Readings
Dasgupta, S.N. & De S.K., 1947, A History of Sanskrit Literature,
University of Calcutta , Calcutta.
Krishnammachariar, 1970 (Reprint), A History of classical Sanskrit
Literature, Motilal Banarasidass, New Delhi.
Keith, A.B., 1932, Classical Sanskrit Literature, Oxford University Press,
London.
Macdonell, A.A., 1962 , A History of classical Sanskrit Literature, MLBD,
Delhi.
Mahulikar, Gauri, Vaidya Uma & Gokhale Manjusha, 2004, Abhijāta
Saṁskṛta Vāṅmayācā Itihāsa, Rutayan Samstha, Mumbai.
B. Mahākāvyas - Naiṣadīyacarita- Sarga-1 30M
(18 hrs.)
The poem is based on the famous story of Nala and Damayanti . Nala‟s episode ,
first dealt with in the great epic of Mahabharata , consists of only two hundred
verses. While Sriharsa has created a long poem of twenty-two cantos spread over
about two thousand eight hundred verses.
34
The Naisadha being one of the famous five Mahakavyas , its first canto is
included in the syllabus to introduce the students the flavor of later ornate
poetry. Its study will give the idea about the classical Sanskrit as well as the
ornate poetry of Mahākāvyas.
The first canto deals with the following topics:
Description of Nala (verses 1-30)
Damayantī‟s falling in love with Nala (verses 31-43)
Nala‟s hearing about Damayanti and his longing for her (44-55)
Nala‟s visit to pleasure garden to seek peace (56-116)
Description of swan and Nala‟s catching hold of him (117-128)
Swan‟s pleading to Nala and its release by Nala (129-145)
Recommended Readings
Acarya, Narayana Ram (Ed.), 1952, Śrīharṣaviracitaṁ Naiṣadhīyacaritam,
Nirnayasagar Press, Bombay.
Handiqui, Krishnakanta (Tr.), 1956, Naiṣadhīyacarita of Śrīharṣa , Deccan
College Publication, Pune.
Athawale, B.R., 1994, Naiṣadhīyacarita – Sarga 1, Anandashrama
Prakashana, Pune.
35
Semester III
(Compulsory papers)
SL 301 SANSKRIT LEXICONS
A. Sanskrit Lexicons 50M
(30 hrs.)
Traditional Sanskrit lexicographers employed numerous methods for preparing
Sanskrit lexicons. Those lexicons have the lexemes either of synonymic, or
homonymic or polysemous type. Like modern lexicons Sanskrit lexicons often
adopt the technique of arranging words alphabetically. Most of the lexicographers
have a practice of presenting the methods of compiling lexicons in the introductory
part. Each lexicographer has his own method of preparing his lexicon, and hence
methods are often not uniform. However, this Department is preparing An
Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Sanskrit on Historical Principles, so, it is felt to
train M.A. students about the ancient techniques utilized in Sanskrit lexicons.
Therefore, the study of few such lexicons like Nighantu , Amarakośa,
Medinīkośa, Dhanvantarīyakośa etc. is included in the M.A. curriculum.
Recommended Readings
Acarya, Narayana Rama (Ed.), 1950, Amarakośa, Nirnayasagar Mudranalay,
Mumbai.
Sarup, Laxman (Ed.), (Reprint) 2009, The Nighantu and the Nirukta of
Yāskācārya, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi.
Theodor, Zachariae (Ed.), 1853, Anekārthasaṁgraha of Hemacandra,
Education Society Press, Bombay.
Kulkarni, E.D. (Ed.), 1968, Dharaṇikośa of Dharaṇidāsa, Deccan College
Publication, Pune.
36
Sharma, Narayan (Ed.), 1925, Dhanvantarīyanighantu and Rājanighantu ,
Anadashrama Samskrit Granthavali, Pune.
Shastri, Hariprasad (Ed.), 1956, Śabdaratnapradīpa, Rajasthan Puratana
Granthamala, Rajsthan Oriental Research Institute, Jaipur.
Medinikara, 1916,Medinikosha,KSS-41.
Puroshottamadeva ,1916,Trikāndaśesa , Khemaraja Shrikrishnadasa,
Mumbai.
Patkar, Madhukar Mangesh (Ed.), 1947 ,Anekārthatilaka by Mahīpa ,
Deccan College, Pune.
Kulkarni, E.D. and Dixit M.C. (Ed.), 1971,Paryāyaśabdaratna by
Dhananjaya Bhatta, Deccan College, Pune.
Chowdhury, Tarapada (Ed.), 1946, Paryāyaratnamālā by Mādhava,
Reprinted from Patana University Journal, Vol-2, Patna.
Shastri,T.Ganapati (Ed.), 1918, Nānārthārnavasaṁkṣepa by
Keśavasvāmin,TSS-23, 29,31, Trivandrum.
Kulkarni, E. D. (Ed.), 1968, Dharaṇīkośa of Dhara ṇīdᾱsa, Part-I, Deccan
College, Poona.
Cintamani, T. R. (Ed.),1937, Nānārthasaṁgraha of Ajayapāla, University
of Madras, Madras.
B. Amarakośa (Svarādikānda) 30M
(18 hrs.)
The Amarakośa, attributed to Amarasiṁha (6th
A.D.), is a pioneer work in the
classical lexicography of Sanskrit. It is a systematic enumeration of synonyms
and homonyms of the language arranged subject-wise. The Amarakośa has
introduced the peculiar techniques of giving synonyms, word meanings and
37
marking their genders, and has paved a path for a number of other lexicons to
follow. The Amarakośa was profusely used by the poets and commentators. The
work, compiled in metrical form is divided into three Kāndas with internal parts .
The study of Amarakośa will make the students familiar with the nature and
basic principles of the classical Sanskrit lexicography; and also with the
principles of ancient Lexicography.
Recommended Readings
Acarya, Narayana Rama (Ed.), 1950, Amarakośa, Nirnayasagara
Mudranalaya, Mumbai.
SL 302 STUDIES IN ANCIENT ŚĀSTRAS
A. Suśrutasaṁhitā – Sūtrasthāna
Ṛtucaryā – 6th
chapter
20M
(12 hrs.)
Out of the 186 chapters of the treatise composed by Suśruta, divided in five
sections, the 6th
chapter of its first section deals with Ṛutucaryā .This chapter
discusses about with the concept of time, its division, divisions of the seasons in
the year, peculiarities of different seasons, accumulation, aggravation and
pacification of disorders of three humors of the body, causes of diseases and
description of different seasons. Students will get introduced to the theories
about the maintenance of health in different seasons and its planning during
changing time.
Recommended Readings
Bhishagratna, Kaviraj Kunjalal (Ed.), 2002, Suśrutasaṁhitā, 2nd
Ed.,
Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi.
38
Shastri, Kaviraj Ambikadutta (Ed.), 2002, Suśrutasaṁhitā, 2nd
Ed.,
Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi.
B. Bṛhatsaṁhitā – chapters 1 & 2 20M
(12 hrs.)
Bṛhatsaṁhitā is one of the important treatises related with Astronomy and
Astrology. It covers wide ranging subjects of human interests such as planetary
movements, eclipses, architecture, gems, and pearls and so on. It is composed by
Varāhamihira who is considered as one of the nine jewels in the court of
Yaśodharman (Vikramāditya). It is divided into 106 chapters. First two chapters
are included in the syllabus. First chapter is introductory while the second deals
with the qualities of an Astrologer. This study will introduce the students to the
principles of Astrology.
Recommended Readings
Bhat, M. Ramkrishna, 1981, Bṛhatsaṁhitā, Motilal Banarasidas, New Delhi.
Jha, Suryakant, 2008, Bṛhatsaṁhitā, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi.
Mishra, Mukundavallabha, 1967, Phalita Mārtaṇḍa, Motilal Banarasidas,
Varanasi.
Thakur, B.L., 1972, Jyotiṣa Śikṣā (Sacitra), Motilal Banarasidas, New
Delhi.
39
C. Kāmandakīya Nītisāra - Rājanīti 20M
(12 hrs.)
The Nītisāra of Kāmandaka is an epitome or summary of the Arthaśāstra. The
Arthaśāstra is the most authoritative work on the political science ever written
in India.
The Daṇḍamāhātmya (The Importance of Punishment)
The Svāmyanujīvivṛtta (The Duties of master and servant) and
The Kaṇṭakaśodhana (The Extirpation of Enemies)
The Section dealing with Daṇḍamāhātmya, „The importance of punishment‟, extols
the proper punishment and discards both soft and harsh punishments as counter-
productive. It also explains that proper punishment helps to nurture dharma, artha
and kāma.The section dealing with Svāmyanujīvivṛtta, gives elaborate discussion
on the duties of master and servant and treatment for them, their care, as well as
about their behaviour
The section Kaṇṭakaśodhana, „The extirpation of enemies‟, discusses how the king
should maintain his body and how he should punish corrupt or wicked. It also
defines dharma and adharma and corrupt or wicked people.
This study makes the students aware of the ancient ideas about adharma and
punishment for the same.
Recommended Readings
Bühler, G., 1964, The Laws of Manu, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi.
Kane, P.V., 1930, History of Dharmaśāstra, Bhandarkar Oriental Research
Institute, Pune.
40
Shastri, T. Ganapati (Ed.), 1924, Arthaśāstra, Trivandrum Sanskrit Series
(Govt. of Travancore), Trivandrum.
Olivelle, P., 2005, Manu’s Code of Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Kangle, R.P., 1963, The Kauṭilīya’s Arthaśāstra, Text and Translation,The
University of Bombay, Bombay.
Shastri, T. Ganapati (Ed.), 1912, Nītisāra, Travancore Govt. Press,
Trivandrum.
Gurjar, J.M. (Ed.), 1877, Manusmṛti prᾱkrita bhᾱṣᾱntarasahita, Nirnaysagar
Press, Bombay.
Acarya, Narayana Ram (Ed.), 1985, The Yājñavalkya Smṛti, Nag publishers,
Delhi.
D. Mayamata – chapters 2&3 20M
(12 hrs.)
Mayamatam is a treatise of the Ancient Architecture. In order to introduce few
concepts of Ancient Architecture second and third chapters of this text have been
included in the M. A. curriculum. The curriculum carries a brief introduction on
Indian Architecture, and then the portion of the prescribed text which deals with
the concept of Vastu and Vāstu, their distinction, types of Vāstu, different
methods of examining Bhū, types of suiting site suitable to every type of person .
This study will give the students idea about the fundamental notions of Indian
Architecture.
Recommended Readings
Shastri, T. Ganapati (Ed.), 1919, Mayamatam, Government Press,
Trivandrum.
41
Acharya, Prasanna Kumar, 1993, An Encyclopeadia of Hindu
Architecture, (Mānasāra Series: Volume I and VII), Munshiram
Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Dagens, Bruno, 1994, Mayamatam - Treatise of Housing, Architecture
and Iconography, Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts and Motilal
Banarsidass, New Delhi.
Juganu, Shrikrishna, 2008, Mayamatam, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series,
Varanasi.
(Optional papers)
(VEDA-1,2 OR VEDᾹNTA-1,2 OR SᾹHITYA-1,2 OR VYĀKARAṆA -1,2 )
SL 303 VEDA – 1, NIRUKTA, ṚKPRĀTIŚĀKHYA, VEDIC GRAMMAR
A. Nirukta – chapters 1 & 2 25M
(15 hrs.)
Nirukta is the first ancient text on the science of etymology, dealing with the
principles of phonetics and phonology. It contains the information regarding the
interpretation of Nighaṇṭu, the first Lexicon of Vedic words, formulated following
certain principles of Lexicography. In the History of Linguistics, Nighaṇṭu and its
explanatory text Nirukta are very important, as they mark the beginning of the
interpretation of the Vedic words. Tradition also counts Nirukta as one of the
Vedāṅgas, an ancillary of the Vedas for easy understanding of the words in the
Vedas, this text marks the beginning of the science of Language study and the
interpretation of ancient texts of the Ṛgveda and therefore, is important for
the learners of the Vedas.
42
Recommended Readings
Sarup, L. (Ed.), Reprint 2009, Nirukta by Yāska, Motilal Banarasidas,
Delhi.
Rajwade, V.K., 1940, Niruktam of Yāskācārya, Govt. Oriental Series,
Class A-No.7, BORI Pune.
Rajwade, V.K, 1935, Niruktāce Marāṭhī Bhāṣāntara, Ichalakaranji
Granthamala No. 9, Pune.
Mehendale, M.A., 1965, Nirukta Notes Part I and II, Deccan College
PGRI, Pune.
B. Ṛkprātiśākhya – Paṭala 1 & 2 25M
(15 hrs.)
The Prātiśākhya texts belong to the Śikṣā Vedāṅga of the Veda. This vedāṅga
consists of two types of texts namely Śikṣās and Prātiśākhyas. Basic purpose of
these texts is to preserve and protect the original speech sounds of the Vedic
pronunciation systems from deterioration and extinction. Thus, dealing with the
Vedic phonetics. Both the types of texts though do not differ much from each other
so far as their subject matters are concerned they differ in their style and practical
utility. The Prātiśākhyas, as the term suggests, are supposed to belong to their
respective branches of the Veda and do not deal with the phonetics of the Veda as
a whole. This is unlike the Śikṣā texts as some of these texts instruct on various
aspects of phonetics of the entire Veda irrespective of its various schools and some
are meant for their respective branches only.
The Prātiśākhya texts contain through discussions on the related topics. This
particular Prātiśākhya of the Ṛgvedic tradition is composed by Śaunaka. It has
three chapters and 18 Paṭalas or sub-sections. It is composed mostly in versified
Sūtra topics included in it are the technical terms, euphonic combinations, accents,
rules for cerebralization, mātrās or moras, types of words, rules for kramapāṭha
style of recitation, discussions on faulty pronunciations as well as Ṛgvedic Meters.
43
This text bears vital importance for the students of the Ṛgveda, as it facilitates
the understanding of the text more easily.
Recommended Readings
Shastri, M.D. (Ed.), 1931, Ṛgveda-Prātiśākhya (with Uvaṭa‟s Commentary),
Varanasi.
Shastri, M.D. (Ed.), 1937, The Ṛgvedaprᾱtiśᾱkhya (Tr.), MLBD,Lahore.
Maxmüller, (Ed.), 1856, Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya, (With extracts from Uvaṭas
commentary anf german translation) F.A. Brokhous, Leipzis.
Choubey, B.B., 1997, Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya, Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan,
Hoshiyarpur.
C. Vedic Grammar 30M
(18 hrs.)
Vedic Language has many peculiarities that make it different from the classical
language. To note these peculiarities and to understand the composition of this
language, its study covers the topics like phonetics, accents, nominal and verbal
declination, derivatives etc. All these peculiarities make the students aware of
the importance of Vedic Language and its place in Indo-European Linguistics
and variety of Vocabulary and its richness.
Recommended Readings
Macdonell, A.A., 1917-2004, A Vedic Grammar for Students, Motilal
Banarasidass, New Delhi.
Ram Gopal, 1965, Vedic Vyākaraṇa, National Publishing House, Delhi.
44
Arnold, E. V., 1897, Historical Vedic Grammar, Reprint from JAOS,
American Oriental Society, New Haven, USA.
Whitney, W.D., 1962, Sanskrit Grammar, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi.
SL 304 VEDA – 2 ŚATAPATHABRĀHMAṆA
Śatapathabrāhmaṇa (Agniṣṭoma) Kāṇda 3 & 4 80M
(44 hrs.)
The endeavor to diffuse the highest sacred knowledge of the Vedas was initiated
by the Brāhmaṇa-granthas - „the first commentators‟.The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa
belongs to the Śukla-Yajurveda-Vājasaneyi-Saṁhitā. It explains the meanings of
Vājasaneyimantras serially and justifies their ritualistic employment. It consists of
100 chapters which are subdivided into 14 Kāṇḍas. As compared with treatises of
its type, it is the most famous and extensive work. It mainly deals with the
Śrautadharma which constitutes of several types of sacrifices. Agniṣṭoma the
foremost Soma sacrifice is thoroughly discussed in its Kāṇḍa 3 & 4. Agniṣṭoma is
the Prakṛti or model of all the Somayāgas. Its main performance lasts for one day.
So it is named as Ekāha Somayāga.
The main performance-day or Soma-pressing-day is named as Savana or Sutyā
day. On this day the priests prepare Soma-juice and offer it thrice in the morning,
in the afternoon and in the evening to different deities. However, its preliminary
rites go on minimum for 4 days earlier to Savana day.
Study of these details of the Somasacrifice will give the students of Vedas a
wide view of the Śrauta tradition of rituals and of understanding the Vedaas.
45
Recommended Readings
Swami, Shree Hari (Ed.), 1940, Śatapathabrāhmaṇam [With the
commentary of Sāyṇa], Laxmi Venkateshwar Steam Press, Kalyan, Bombay.
Ralph, T. H. & Griffth E. J. (Ed.), 1927, Vājasaneyisaṁhitā, Lazarus & Co.
Medical Hall Press, Banaras.
Weber, Albercht, 1859, Kātyāyanā’s Śrautasūtra, Ferd Dummler‟s
Verlagsbuchhanlung, Berlin.
Ranade, H. G., 1978, Kātyāyanāśrautasūtra with English Translation, ,
Shukrawar Peth , Tilak Road , Pune – 02
Kane, P.V. (Ed.), 1974, History of Dharmaśāstra, Vol.II, Part II, 2nd
Ed.,
Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune .
Kashikar, C. G., 1977, Śrautadharmāchī Svarūpacikitsā, University of Pune,
Pune.
Sontakke, N. S. & Dharmadhikari T. N., 1958, Śrautakośa, Tilak
Maharashtra Vidyapitha, Pune.
46
SL 305 VEDᾹNTA – 1 BRAHMASŪTRABHĀṢYA ON 2. 1
With The Commentary of Śaṅkara 40M
(22 hrs.)
With The Commentary of Rāmānuja 40M
(22 hrs.)
The Brahmasūtras of Bādarāyaṇa is one of the most important texts on the Vedānta
system. This treatise is universally recognised as the manual of Vedānta. It is a
systematised presentation of the philosophy of the Upaniṣads.
The Brahmasūtras, as the name indicates, is the text of aphorisms; its
extremely concise form allowed the teachers of several systems to interpret the
Sūtras in various ways conducive to their own system of philosophy and thus a
vast literature of commentaries was created. Among these, the commentaries of
Śaṅkarācārya and Rāmānujācārya occupied eminent position.
Śaṅkara‟s commentary is written from Advaita point of view and it
represents Absolute Monism while Rāmānuja‟s commentary advocates qualified
Monism and it explains theistic exposition. The comparison of these two stand-
points is very interesting, and makes the students acquired with two main
streams of the Indian Philosophy are still prevalent and ruling over the
idealogy of Indian Philosophy.
Recommended Readings
Brahmasūtrabhāṣya: Śaṅkara, 1999, Samata book, Chennai.
Apte, V.M. [Eng. Tr.], 1960, Brahmasūtrabhāṣya-Śaṅkara, Popular Book
Depot, Bombay.
47
Abhyankar, Vasudevashastri, 1914, Brahmasūtrabhāṣya-Rāmānuja,
Nirnayasagar Press, Bombay.
Karmarkar, R. D., 1962, Brahmasūtrabhāṣya-Rāmānuja, University of Pune,
Pune.
SL 306 VEDᾹNTA – 2 SĀṀKHYAKĀRIKĀ
Sāṁkhyakārikā of Īśvarakr ṣṇa 80M
(48 hrs.)
This text belongs to the philosophy of Sāṁkhya system. The present
curriculum is designed to introduce different theories related to twenty-five Tattvas
in the Sāṁkhya system, one of the six Darśanas. Some of them are Satkāryavāda,
characteristics of the Tattvas like Prakṛti, Puruṣa, Mahat, Ahaṁkāra and the like.
Other concepts like Sūkṣmaśarīra, Sthūlaśarīra and Apavarga etc. have also been
discussed. It has also shown the relationship of the Sāṁkhya system with
Upaniṣads. Thus the students of Philosophy get deeper knowledge of one of the
ancient streams of Indian Philosophy.
Recommended Readings
Mainkar, T.G., 1972, Sāṁkhyakārikā of Īśvarakṛṣṇa with the commentary of
Gauḍapāda , Oriental Book Agency, Pune.
Tripathi, R.O. (Ed.), 1982, Sāṁkhyakārikā of Īśvarakṛṣṇa (with the
commentaries Tattvaprabhā & Yuktidīpikāvivṛti), Krishnadas Academy,
Varanasi.
48
Jha, Ganganath, 1896, Tattvakaumudī of Vācaspati Miśra, Theosophical
Publication Fund, Bombay.
Jha, Ganganath, 1965, Tattvakaumudī of Vācaspati Miśra (with critical notes
by Sharma Hardutta and Patkar M.M.), Oriental Book Agency, Poona.
Kunhan, Raja C., 1963, The Sāṁkhyakārikā of Īśvarakṛṣṇa - A Philosopher’s
Exposition, Vishveshvarananda Vedic Research Institute, Hoshiarpur.
SL 307 SᾹHITYA-1
KĀVYĀLAṀKĀRA(BHĀMAHA), MṚCCHAKAṬIKA
A. Kāvyālaṁkāra (Bhāmaha) 40M
(24 hrs.)
The Kāvyālaṁkāra of Bhāmaha is probably the oldest work on Indian theory of
rhetorics or poetics. The Indian rhetoricians had recognized the fact that figure of
speech (alaṁkāra) beautifies poetry and hence all types of poetry must consist of
figure of speech. Thus, the Kāvyālaṁkāra of Bhāmaha can safely be described as a
practical hand book in the art of poetical composition. Bhāmaha holds that word and meaning, (śabdārathau) taken together
(sahitau) constitute poetry (kāvya). The basic and fundamental theory of
Bhāmaha is that ornaments of poetry or figures of speech (alaṁkāra) are the
essential characteristics of poetry. Thus this text will introduce the learners to
the world of poetics or test criticism and will train them in understanding the
beauty of poetry.
49
Recommended Readings
Shastri, Nāganātha T.V. (Ed.), 1927, The Kāvyālaṁkāra [With Eng. Tr.],
Wallace Printing House, Tanjore.
Iyer, Narayana (Ed.) , 1952, The Kāvyādarśa, Vavilla Ramaswamishastri
and Sons, Chennai.
Sastri, W. L. (Ed.) , 1934, Śrīhemacandraviracitaṁ Kāvyānuśāsanam,
Nirnayasagar Press, Bombay.
Ingalls, Masson and Patwardhan, 1990, The Dhvanyāloka of
Ānandavardhana, 1990, Harvard University press, Cambridge,
Massachusetts.
Krṣnamūrti, K., 1977, The Vakroktijīvita of Kuntaka, Karnatak University,
Dharwad.
Kunjunni, Raja, 1977, Indian Theories of Meaning, The Adyar Library,
Adyar, Madras.
Karmarkar, R.D. (Ed.), The Kāvyaprakāśa, 1950, Bhandarkar Oriental
Research Institute, Pune.
Dvivedi, Durgaprasad & Parab K.P., 1895, Kāvyālaṁkārasūtrāṇi of
Vāmana, Nirnayasagar Press, Mumbai.
Dvivedi, Durgaprasada (Ed.), 1922, Sāhityadarpṇa, Nirnayasagar Press,
Mumbai.
Abhyankar, V., 1911, Kāvyaprakāśa with Pradīpoddyota of Nāgoji,
Anandashrama Press, Pune.
50
B. Mṛcchakaṭika 40M
(24 hrs.)
The Mṛcchakaṭika belongs to the division of dramatic compositions technically
known as Prakaraṇa. The authorship of the drama goes to Śūdraka (5th
AD). The
Mṛcchakaṭika is a drama in ten acts based on the story of the love of Cārudatta, a
prominent but poor inhabitant of Ujjayini and Vasantasenā a beautiful, pure-
minded courtesan of the same city. There are two collateral episodes in the plot –
(i) love story of Śarvilaka and Madanikā, the maid of Vasanatasenā (ii) a political
revolution wherein Pālaka, a king of Ujjayini is made to descend the throne and
Āryaka succeeds him on the throne.
This drama presents an altogether different society of thiefs, burglers and
other personalities than the ideals of the so called sophisticated high society of
the time of Śudraka. Also it presents the ideas of dramatic plot consisting of
interesting through meandering events.
Recommended Readings
Godbole, Narayana Balakrishna (Ed.), 1896, The Mṛcchakaṭika by Śūdraka
(with the commentary – Suvarṇālaṅkaraṇa of Lalla Dixit & A Vṛtti by
Pṛthvīdhara), Education Society‟s Steam Press, Bombay.
Kale, M. R., 1962, The Mṛcchakaṭika by Śūdraka [Eng.Tr.], Booksellers‟
Publishing Co., Bombay.
Ryder, Arthur William, 1905, The Little Clay Cart (Mṛcchakaṭika), Harvard
Oriental Series, Cambridge.
51
Joshi, Vijaya Ramachandra, 2010, Śūdrakaviracitamṛcchakaṭikam, Suyog
Prakashana, Amaravati.
SL 308 SᾹHITYA-2
DAŚAKUMĀRACARITA, HAṀSADŪTA (RŪPAGOSWĀMĪ)
A. Daśakumāracarita- Ucchvasa -2 40M
(24 hrs.)
Daśakumāracarita of Daṇḍin is one of the most beautiful and earliest prose-work in
Sanskrit. As the title suggests, it is a story of ten princes who were friends. The text
is divided into two parts, viz. pūrvapīṭhikā and uttarapīṭhikā containing five and
eight ucchwāsas (chapters) respectively.
The second ucchvāsa in the Uttarapīṭhika is the story of the adventures of
Apahāravarman which he had to perform while he was wandering in search of
prince Rājavāhana. This story also presents a skech of a totally unknown world of
burglers and police and of all the under-world of decoits and prostitutes. It is a
masterpiece in the world of stories and Romances. It gives the aesthetic joy
through alluring diction with colourful presentation of human feelings.
Recommended Readings
Bhattacharya, Tarachanrana and Sharma Kedarnath (Comm.), 2004,
Daśakumāracaritam, Chaukhamba Prakashana, Varanasi.
52
Godbole, N.B. & Parab K.P. (Ed.), 1883, The Daśakumāracaritam, The
Nirnayasagar Press, Bombay.
Buhler, George (Ed.), 1887, The Daśakumāracaritam, Government Oriental
Book Depot, Bombay.
Agashe, G.J. (Ed.), 1919, The Daśakumāracaritam, Bombay Sanskrit and
Prakrit Series, Bombay.
Pankaj, N.Q., 2002, The Daśakumāracaritam : A Critical Study, Kala
Prakashana, B.H.U., Varanasi.
B. Dūtakāvya - Haṁsadūta (Rūpagoswāmin)
40M
(24 hrs.)
Rūpagoswāmin (1550 A.D.) a devotee of Kṛṣṇa and follower of Caitanya
Mahāprabhu has written more than 32 works including Haṁsadūta.
Meghadūta of Kalidasa is the inspiration of this work. In this kavya
comprising of 142 verses, composed in Sikharini meter , a swan is made the
messenger of Radha to Krsna . Lalitā, a friend of Radha asks one swan to
convey Radha‟s condition who is suffering from longing of Krsna . This type
of literature is considered as a Sandesakavya or Dutakavya .
This work presents a combination of kāvya and bhakti- devotion,
composed in late years of the sixteenth century and makes the readers
aware of the different trends in the expression of bhakti, which were
introduced by Caitanya Mahāprabhu, through the depiction of Rasa.
53
Recommended Readings
Vidyasagar, Jivanand, 1888, Kāvyasaṁgraha (Haṁsadūta), Nutan Bharat
Press, Calcutta.
Harikrishna, Kamalesh and Pannalal (Ed. & Tr.), 1966, Haṁsadūtam,
Krishnadas ,Mathura.
Dasgupta, S. N. & De S.K., 1947, History of Sanskrit Literature, University
of Calcutta, Calcutta.
SL 309 VYĀKARAṆA-1 MAHĀBHĀṢYA ĀHNIKA – 1,
HISTORY OF GRAMMAR
AND ŚIKṢĀ
A. Mahābhāṣya (Āhnika -1 Paspaśāhnika) 30M
(18 hrs.)
Importance of the Text : Paspaśāhnika is the opening section of Patañjali‟s
commentary Mahābhāṣya on Panini‟s Astadhyayi . It deals with the introductory
topics in the study of grammar such as the subject -matter of this branch of
knowledge, the nature of Sabda - „word‟, whether words are eternal or produced,
different purposes of study of grammar , methodology of Panini‟s treatise etc . The
text serves as the best introduction for the study of grammar.
Recommended Readings
Kielhorn, F., 1985 (4th
Ed.), The Vyākaraṇa-Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali ,
Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune.
54
Joshi, S.D. and Roodbergen J.A.F., 1986, Patañjali’s Vyakarana -
Mahābhāṣya Paspaśāhnika , Centre of Advance Studies in Sanskrit,
University of Pune, Pune.
Abhyankar, Vasudevashastri, 1938 (Reprint 2007), Śrīmadbhagvat-
Patañjali-viracita-Vyākaraṇa-Mahābhāṣyam I[Mar. Tr.], Deccan Education
Society, Pune.
B. History of Grammar and Śikṣā 50M
(30 hrs.)
Sources of Sanskrit grammar have been reflected in the Sanskrit literature right
from the Vedic period, though the proper system of grammar not found then.
Padapāṭḥa can be said to be the first grammatical speculation of Sanskrit grammar
found in Vedic Literature. From Padapāṭḥa to the18th
A.D., many attempts were
made to prepare different systems of grammar
This paper intends to introduce the students with the grammatical sources
traced in Vedic literature, their nature, origin and development. It aims to deal with
the historical and chronological development of Pre-Pāṇinian grammatical
systems. It also intends to deal with Pāṇinian grammatical system, its sūtra-
grantha, vārttikas, bhāṣya-granthas and different commentaries. It intends to
explain the history of post-Pāṇinian grammatical systems.
55
Śikṣā is one of the six Vedāṅgas, which tells us about phonetic instructions
in general. These are the oldest treatises on phonetics related mostly to the Vedic
Saṁhitās. The Śikṣā-granthas deal with proper pronunciation, its merits and
demerits, types of Varṇas, their place and manner of application, accents etc.
Initially Śikṣā-granthas were made to serve the purpose of proper recitation of the
Vedic mantras. So some Śikṣās belong to particular Veda also.
Moreover, the students will also know about the origin and historical
development of Śikṣā-granthas along with their objectives and contents.
Recommended Readings
Abhyankar, K.V., 2007, Prastāvanā-khaṇḍa of Patañjali’s Vyākaraṇa
Mahābhāṣya, Deccan Education Society, Pune.
Belvalkar, S.K., 1976, Systems of Sanskrit Grammar, Bharatiya Vidya
Prakashan, Varanasi.
Mimamsaka, Yudhishtira, 1963, Sanskrit Vyākaraṇaśāstra kā Itihāsa,
Vedic Research Institute, Ajmer.
Sharma, Kundanlal, 1983, Vaidika Vāṅmaya kā Vivecanātmaka Bṛhad
Itihāsa (Part 6), Viśveśvarānanda Vaidic Research Institute, Hoshiarpur.
56
SL 310 VYĀKARAṆA-2
SIDDHĀNTAKAUMUDĪ AND VĀKYAPADĪYA
A. Siddhāntakaumudī - Ajantapuṁliṅga-prakaraṇa 40M
(24 hrs.)
Siddhāntakaumudī is a prakaraṇa-grantha including all sub-sections; it has 75
prakaraṇas, i.e. sections. Ajantapuṁliṅga-prakaraṇa is one of them.
Bhattoji Dikshit (16th
A.D.) is the celebrated author of this work.
The chapter deals with the declensions of vowel-ending masculine nouns. The
chapter comprises of about 100 amphorisms (178-286). Learning about this
prakaraṇa will help the learners to understand the nominal declention in
principle and the morphological procedures involved therein.
Recommended Readings
Vasu, Shrisha Chanrda (Ed.) , 1906 (Reprint 2003) The SiddhantaKaumudi
of Bhattoji Diksit, Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, Delhi.
Sathe, Mahadeva Damodara, 1966, Vaiyākaraṇa-Siddhānta-Kaumudī (part
3), Sanskrit Pathashala, Pune.
57
B. Vākyapadīya – Brahmakāṇḍa – Kārikā 1-157
40M
(24 hrs.)
The Vākyapadīya of Bhartṛhari is an ancient treatise on the Philosophy of Sanskrit
Grammar. Vākyapadīya consists of three Kāṇḍas. Vṛṣabhadeva has commented
upon the kārikas as well as the Vṛtti and all that together constituted a single work
called as Vākyapadīya.
In the first Kāṇḍa topics related to the „word‟, „sentence‟, relationship of the word
and the meaning etc. are discussed.
This text presents the philosophy of the verbal cognition on the whole and words in
particular. Thus the student will get introduced to the philosophy of language by
learning this text.
Recommended Readings
Iyer, K.A.S., 1995 (Reprint), Vākyapadīya of Bhartṛihari with
Commentaries Vṛtti and Paddhati of Vṛṣabhadeva - Kāṇḍa I ), Deccan
College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune.
Bhattacharya, Bishnupada, 1985, Bhartṛhari’s Vākyapadīya and Linguistic
Manism, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune.
58
Semester IV
(Compulsory papers)
SL 401 INDO-EUROPEAN LINGUISTICS AND EPIGRAPHY
A. Indo-European Linguistics 50M
(30 hrs.)
This branch of linguistics makes an attempt to study the historical and comparative
aspects of different languages of Indo-European family. It has been introduced in
the M.A. curriculum in order to encourage the students to take up the
language study that reveals how the classical languages like Sanskrit, Greek
and Latin are linked with many Indo-European languages. Keeping this in
mind students are introduced to various features of this branch suh as:
Historical development of the linguistic study; classification of the Indo-European
languages; Indo-Aryan languages; Latin and its descendants: their characteristics
with regard to Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax and lexical changes;
Latin, Greek and Sanskrit: their relationship; Satem theory, different phonetic laws
like Grassman‟s law, Grimss‟s law etc.; Common Germanic and its descendants:
their characteristics and so on.
Recommended Readings
1. Lockwood,W.B. 1969, Indo European Philology: Historical and
Comparative, Hutchinson University Library. London.
2. Taraporewala, I.J.S. 1962, Elements of the Science of Languages, Calcutta
University.
Calcutta.
3. Palsule, G. B. 1978, Yubhatah samskrtam Prati, Rastriya Samskrit Samstan,
New Delhi.
59
4. Ghatge,A.M. 1962, Historical Linguistics & Indo-Aryan Languages,
University of Bombay. Bombay.
B. Epigraphy 30M
(18 hrs.)
The Epigraphs included for study are
Rudradāman‟s Junagadh inscription
Samudragupta‟s Allahabad inscription
Pulakeśin II‟s Aihole incription
Prabhavatīguptā‟s Pune copper plate
Amoghavarṣa‟s Sanjan copper plate
Thus this paper makes the students aware of this branch of knowledge.
Especially the features of the language used as other information that can be
gathered from the Epigraphs. This information is closely connected with the
cultural, political and social history of ancient India. Therefore, some epigraphs are
included in the syllabus, which covers the topics such as:
Introduction
o What is Epigraphy
o Types of Epigraphs
o Importance of Epigraphs
o Early history of study of Epigraphy in India
o Origin of writing in India
o Origin and development of scripts
o Languages and scripts of inscriptions
Writing Materials
60
Recommended Readings
Sircar, D.C., 1965, Indian Epigraphy, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi.
Vajapeyi, Krishnadatta, 1992, Abhilekha - Bhāratīya Aitihāsika, Scheme
Publication, Jaipur.
Gokhale, Shobhana, 2008, Purābhilekhavidyā, Continental Prakashana,
Pune.
Hultzsch, E. (Ed.), 1981, Epigraphia Indica (Vols. VI, VIII, XVIII),
Published by the Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India,
New Delhi.
Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum of the Archaeological Survey of India Vol.
III.
SL 402 DRAMATURGY
A. Nāṭyaśāstra - Chapter 1 40M
(24 hrs.)
Adhyaya 1 of the Nāṭyaśātra the Origin of Drama
The Science of drama (Nāṭyaśāstra) of Bharata is the earliest work on the ancient
Indian theory of drama. The Hindu theorists recognized the fact that the drama is
the reproduction of the natural behavior of men and women on stage or the
representation of human acts on stage with the help of dance (nṛtya), song (gīta)
and instrumental music (vādya). Bharata has dealt with all the aspects of drama,
including itsaesthetics given in the Rasasutra.
The first chapter of Nāṭyaśāstra mainly deals with the following aspects:
61
The production of the Nāṭyaveda including different aspects of Ṛgveda,
Yajurveda, Sāmveda and Atharvadeda, History regarding the performance of the
Nāṭyaveda with one hundred sons of the sage Bharata, The performance (prayoga)
of the Nāṭyaveda, wherein the three styles, viz. the Verbal (bhāratī) ,the Grand
(sātvatī) and the Energetic (ārabhaṭī) are used, The inclusion of the Graceful
(kaiśikī) style in the performance , the Creation of Apsarases for practising the
Graceful style , The Banner festival of Indra and the first production of drama ,
The Gods' reward of gods to Bharata‟s party , Vighnas attack of the actors , Indras
help to gods, The Origin of Jarjara , The origin of first playhouse , protection of
different parts of playhouse , Brahma' specification of vighnas and , The
characteristic of drama i.e. representation of the state of the three worlds
(bhāvānukīrtana) are also described in this chapter. Thus the student gets
traditional information about the origin and History of Indian drama.
Recommended Readings
Kavi, Ramkrishna (Ed.), 1964, The Abhinavabhārati on the Nāṭyaśāstra,
Gaekwad Oriental Series, Oriental Institute, Baroda.
Kavi, Ramkrishna (Ed.), 1926-64, The Nāṭyaśāstra, Gaekwad Oriental
Series,Oriental Institute, Baroda.
B. Mahābhārata plays of Bhāsa 40M
(24 hrs.)
Bha sa is one of the earliest dramatists in Sanskrit literature who has been honoured
with high praise by his successor dramatists. However, the plays of Bha sa were not
available till the beginning of the twentieth century. They came to light when T.
62
Gan apati Shastri found a bundle of manuscripts of Bha sa‟s plays in Kerala
including the play Svapnava savadatta, which was known to the scholars as
composed by Bha sa from the literary tradition.
The course intends to make the students aware of the Bha sa-problem and of
the position of Bha sa as an extraordinary dramatist. He has experimented with
various forms of drama enumerated as Das arūpakas by the Sanskrit poetic
tradition. The course includes six plays of Bha sa based on the story elements or
characters from the Maha bha rata, viz. Madhyamavya yoga, Pañcaratra, Dūtavakya,
Dutaghaṭotkaca, Karṇabhara and Urubhanga.
Bha sa many times modifies and developes the stories of the Maha bha rata known
and available to us. It is also expected that the students understand and judge
the form of each play on the parameters of the characteristics of each form of
drama enumerated on the treatises on Dramaturgy, and also to understand
the reasons for it for the development of the dramatic plot and intrigue in the
drama.
Recommended Readings
Devadhar, C.R. (Ed.) 1962, Bhāsanāṭakacakra , Plays Ascribed to Bha sa.
Poona: Oriental Book Agency.
Woolner, A.C. and Sarup. L.(Tr.) 1930. Thirteen Trivandrum Plays
Attributed to Bha sa. 2 Vols. London: Oxford University Press.
63
(Optional papers)
(VEDA-3,4 OR VEDᾹNTA-3,4 OR SᾹHITYA-3,4 OR VYĀKARAṆA -3,4 )
SL 403 VEDA-1
ĀPASTAMBAŚRAUTSŪTRA, GOBHILAGṚHYASŪTRA
A. Āpastambaśrautasūtra – Darśapūrṇamāsa (1.1 to 3.14) 40M
(24 hrs.)
The Āpastambaśrautasūtra belongs to the Taittirīyasaṁhitā, a recension of
Kṛṣṇayajurveda.
The religion preached by śruti is recognized as śrautadharma. It comprises of
several rites and sacrifices which can be divided in three groups, viz. seven
pākayājñas, seven haviryajñas and seven somayajñas. The Darśapūrṇamāsa
sacrifice is the prakṛti, i.e. model or archetype of all other haviryajñas or iṭṣis
known as the vikṛtis or modifications. Though named as Darśapūrṇamāsa it
connsists of 2 iṣṭis - Darśeṣṭi and Paurṇamāseṣṭi, which are to be performed on the
new moon day and full moon day, at the juncture periods of two fortnights
respectively. It is an obligatory rite for the one who establishes three sacred fires.
He has to perform it for whole of his life. The 4 priests viz. Adhvaryu, Āgnīdhra,
Hotā and Brahmā are required for its performance. The ṛks and yajurmantras are
employed in its performance.
This study of one Śrutasūtra will enhance the learner with the systematic
knowledge of applied science of ritualistic lore and the sacrifices.
Recommended Readings
Keith, Arthur.B., 1914, Taittirīyasaṁhitā (Part.1), Harvad University
press, Cambridge.
64
Garbe, Richard., 1882, Āpastambaśrautasūtra (Vol.I), Asiatic Society,
Calcutta.
Caland, W., 1921, Āpastambaśrautasūtra (Vol. I) [Ger. Tr.] ,
Vandenhock & Ruprechi, Gottingon.
Kane, P.V. , 1941, History of Dharmashastra (Vol.II.II), Bhandarkar
Oriental Research Institute, Pune.
Thite, G.U., 2004, Āpastambaśrautasūtra (Vol.I) [with Eng. Tr.], New
Bhartiya book Corporation, Delhi.
Winternitz, Maurice., 1972, History of Indian Literature Vol. I,
University of Calcutta, Calcutta.
Sontakke, N.S. & Dharmadhikari T.N. (Et.al.), 1958, Śrautakośa, Vaidika
Samshodhan Mandal, Pune.
B. Gobhilagṛhyasūtra Prapāṭhakas 1 & 2 and Khaṇḍa
9th
of 3rd Prapāṭhaka
40M
(24 hrs.)
The Gṛhyasūtra forms a part of the Vedāṅgas namely “ Kalpa” which deals with
the Vedic ritual practices and other religious performances. All major branches of
the Veda have their Gṛhyasūtras The Gṛhyasūtras carry a wider social value .
These deal with a large number of rites known as domestic rituals , to be
performed for every individual. It is less complicated and shorter than the Śrauta
counter parts. All the three types of rituals, i.e. nitya, naimittika and kāmya ,
important rites or ceremonies of the sacraments (Saṁskāras) , five great sacrifices,
various types of cooked food offerings (pākayajñas) and some desirefulfilling rites
etc. are included in these texts.
65
The Gobhil Gṛhya Sūtra belongs to the Kauthuma Śakhā of the
Sāmaveda . Most of its quoted formulas are taken from the Chāndogyopaniṣad
Brāhamaṇa or Mantra Brāhamaṇa belonging to the Sāmaveda. This text is divided
into 4 Prapāṭhakas, 39 Kāṇḍikās containing a total of 497 sūtras. It deals with the
rituals like Agnyādhāna, Vaiśvadeva Bali, Darśapurṇamāsasthālipāka, Vivāha,
Garbhādhāna upto Upanayana, Upākarma, Samāvartana, Śravaṇākarma, Ᾱśvayuji ,
Agrahāyaṇa, Aṣṭakā, Piṇḍapitṛyajña, Vāstuyajña and Madhuparka etc.
This study makes the students aware of the importance of homely sacraments
in the development of the personality of the individual through the
endorsement of the Vedas.
Recommended Readings
Thakur, Udaya Narayan Singh (Ed.), 1992, with commentary by
Satyavrata Samashrami, 1992, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Pratisthan,
Delhi .
Chandrakanta, (Ed. and comm.), 1908, Tarkālankār, Calcutta ,.
Chintamani, Bhattacarya(Ed.), 1982, Gobhilagṛhyasūtra with
commentary by Bhaṭṭanārāyaṇa , Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers,
New Delhi.
Oldenberg, 1892-1864, Gobhilagṛhyasūtra [Eng. Tr.] ,Sacred
Books of the East Series, (Vol.XXX) Part II.
SL 404 VEDA – 2
KĀTYĀYANAŚULBASŪTRA,
66
ATHARVAVEDA - SĀYAṆABHĀṢYABHŪMIKĀ
A. Kātyāyanaśulbasūtra - Chapters 1& 2 40M
(24 hrs.)
The Śulbasūtras form a part of the Sutra literature. Śulbasūtra is a manual which
contains aphorisms or sutras laying down the rules for adding, deducting and
measuring areas by the use of Śulba i.e. a Cord. At present the Baudhāyana,
Āpastamba, Satyāṣāḍha, Mānava, Maitrāyaṇīya, Vārāha and Vādhūla - all
belonging to Kṛṣṇayajurveda and Kātyāyanasulbasūtra of Śuklayajurveda are
available.
The subject matter of all these Śulbasūtras is practically the same, as they
deal with the construction of vedīs, citis, pandals, places for sacred fire etc. These
works lay down the rules based on the information provided in the Saṁhitās,
Brāhmaṇas and Śrautasūtras for performing various sacrifices both nitya and
kāmya.
The Kātyāyanasulbasūtra consists of both prose and verses. There are 6
chapters consisting of 101 sūtras while the 7th
chapter consists of 39 verses. There
are commentaries of Rāma, Vidyādhara Sharman, Karka and of Mahīdhara on it.
The text describes thoroughly the creation of each and every part of sacrificial
construction along with sizes, areas, measurements and sequence etc.
It definitely focuses on the progress of Geometry and Architecture made
by our ancestors in ancient days, and on the principles of ancient science of
measurement and measures.
Recommended Readings
67
1. Kane, P.V., 1941, A History of Dharmashastra, Vol. II., BORI, Pune.
2. Kieth, A.B., 1928, A History of Sanskrit literature , Clarendon Press,
Oxford.
3. Macdonell, Arthur A., 1900, A History of Sanskrit literature, William
Heinemann, London.
4. Khadilkar, S.D., 1974, Kātāyanaśulbasūtra, Vaidik Samshodhan Mandal,
Pune.
5. Nene, Pt. Gopal Shastri, 2009, Kātāyanaśulbasūtra (with Karkabhāṣya &
Mahīdharavṛtti) (No.120), Varanasi.
B. Atharvaveda - Sāyaṇabhāṣyabhūmikā 40M
(24 hrs.)
Atharvaveda, the fourth Veda stands out as different from other three Vedas, on
account of its subject matter, nature of the hymns, and also their usages. Saṁhitā of
this Veda in the Śaunaka recension consists of 20 kāṇḍas, possessing varying
number of hymns of varying length. With the exception of some kāṇḍas this
Saṁhitā is commented upon by Sāyaṇa, the well known commentator of the Vedic
texts. He has written profusely in the form of explanatory Bhāṣyas on almost every
Veda. Following the technical method of argumentation, he explains the
importance of the Atharvaveda along with its ancillary literature which primarily
prescribe ritual for the hymns of the Atharvaveda. Sāyaṇa has given the contents
of theses texts and has elaborately explained the variety and distinct nature of the
Ᾱtharvaṇic ritual discussed mainly in these texts.
Study of this paper provides information regarding the Atharvaveda, its
ancillary literature and importance of these texts. It also gives the idea about
68
the view of a commentator about a Vedic text that is different from others in
nature.
Recommended Readings
Vishvabandhu, (Ed.), 1960-1990, Atharvaveda (Śaunakīya) with
Padapāṭha and Commentary of Sāyaṇa, Vishveshvarananda Vaidika
Research Institute, Hoshiarpur, Punjab.
Pandit, S. P. (Ed.), 1895-98, Atharvaveda (Śaunakīya) with Padapāṭha and
Commentary of Sāyaṇa, Department of Public Instruction, Mumbai.
SL 405 VEDĀNTA (PHILOSOPHY) - 1
NYĀYASŪTRA WITH BHĀṢYA
ŚLOKAVĀRTTIKA (NYĀYARATNᾹAKARA –PRATIJÑĀSŪTRA)
A. Nyāyasūtra with Bhāṣya 40M
(24 hrs.)
Nyāya is one of the six systems of thought of Indian Philosophy.Gautama, the
founder of the Nyāya system has written the Sūtras known as Nyāyasūtra or
Gautamasūtras. Its commentary is the Nyāyabhāsya by Vātsyāyana . This text deals
with the fundamental concepts of the old Nyāya system. It states the sixteen
categories (padārtha) like Pramāna , Prameya, Saṁśaya etc. and further details of
each category. However, as to the characteristics of Sūtra it is never self -
explanatory, and hence it requires some commentary for its proper understanding
or explanation. Hence the Nyāyasūtras 1.1.1 to 1.1.8 with the Nyāyabhāṣya are
included in the M.A. curriculum, to provide students a view of the method of
investigation regarding the ultimate truth and skill of argumentation.
69
Recommended Readings
Jha, Ganganatha (Eng. Tr.), 1939, The Nyāyasūtras of Gautama
(with bhāṣya of Vātsyāyana and the Vārtika of Yddyotakara),
Oriental Book Agency, Pune.
B. Ślokavārttika with Nyāyaratnākara- Pratijñāsūtra 40M
(24 hrs.)
The Ślokavārttika is the most important text for proper understanding of the
theories of Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā system of Indian Philosophy. It is written by Kumārila
Bhaṭṭa (8th
A.D.). It is an extensive commentary on the Śābarabhāṣya which is on
the sūtra of Jaimini. It establishes the theory of Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā philosophy
refuting the theories of other systems (especially Buddhist) along its way. A whole
new school named as Bhāṭṭa school of Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā came into existence based
on this work. Ślokavārttika is a commentary on the 1st pāda of 1
st chapter of
Jaiminisūtra popularly known as the Tarka-pāda. The portion prescribed for the
syllabus is the commentary on the first sūtra known as Pratijñāsūtra which states
the very aim of this system. The text is prescribed along with the authentic
commentary named Nyāyaratnākara of Parthasarathi Mishra. This will give the
students knowledge of the basics of Mīmāṁsā Darśana along with the
acquaintance with the style and philosophy of Kumārila Bhaṭṭa.
Recommended Readings
70
Sastri, Dvarakadas (Ed.), 1978, Ślokavārttika with the Commentary
Nyāyaratnākara, Ratna Publication,Varanasi.
Jha, Ganganath, 1983 (2nd
Ed. Eng. Tr.), Ślokavārttika, Sri Satguru
Publication, Delhi.
Sharma, Shyam Sunder (tr.), 2002, Ślokavārttika, Bharatiya Vidya
Sansthan,Varanasi.
Jha, Durgadhar (tr.), Ślokavārttika , Choukhamba
Publication,Varanasi.
Jha, Ganganath, 1964, Pūrvamīmāṁsā in its Sources, Benaras Hindu
University,Varanasi.
Devasthali, G.V., 1959, Mīmāṁsā the Vākyārtha Śāstra of Ancient
India, Bombay Publication Company, Bombay.
SL 406 VEDĀNTA (PHILOSOPHY) - 2
SARVADARŚANASAṀGRAHA
Sarvadarśanasaṁgraha (Cārvāka, Madhva, Pātañjala Yoga,
Śaiva)
80M
(48 hrs.)
Indian philosophy comprises of many schools of philosophy. Eminent Ācāryas
have developed their systems and established their line of thought as a distinct
school. Authors of these systems have contributed vast literature to Indian
philosophy. Mādhavācārya has tried to present collectively sixteen philosophical
systems current in the fourteenth century in the text named Sarvadarśanasaṁgraha.
It is very useful text for the students who want to get familiar with various systems.
Mādhāvācārya has mentioned important tenets and principle arguments of each
71
system with the quotations from the works of respective Ācāryas. Study of four
systems is intended in this paper.
1. Cārvāka-darśana - It is atheistic school considering wealth and enjoyment
as the only end of man denying the existence of future world.
2. Pūrṇaprajña-darśana – This system is expounded by Ānandatīrtha, i.e.
Madhva. It advocates dualism and considers Viṣṇu as the highest reality.
3. Pātañjala-darśana – Yoga system of Patañjali is theoretically not much
different from Sāṁkhya system. It explains the path of Yogic practices as
the means of controlling oneself.
4. Śaiva-darśana – This is a religious sect based on the authority of Śaiva
Āgamas. It is theistic system presenting Śiva as the principle personal God.
Recommended Readings
Abhyankar,Shastri K.V., 1978, Sarvadarśanasaṁgraha, Bhandarkar
Oriental Research Institute, Pune.
Cowell, E.B, 1978, Sarvadarśanasaṁgraha, Choukhamba Sanskrit
Series, Varanasi.
Kangale, R.P., 1985, Sarvadarśanasaṁgraha,[Mar.Tr.] Maharashtra
Rajya Sahitya Sanskrit Mandal, Mumbai.
72
SL 407 SAHITYA – 1
MDHURĀVIJAYA, MATTAVILĀSAPRAHASANA,
BHAGAVADAJJUKĪYA-BHĀṆA
A. Madhurāvijaya 40M
(24 hrs.)
Madhurāvijayam (14th
A.D.) is a historical poem. It is perhaps the only historical
poem on South India before the 15th
Century. It is composed by the poetess Gaṅgā
Devī, who was the queen of Kampaṇa, the hero of the poem. It runs in 9 cantos. It
deals with the extension of the Vijayanagara rule into the Tamil country and the
circumstances leading to it. Major portion of the book is narration of the conquest
of Madurai by Kumara Kampana. The 1st canto of this historical poem has been
prescribed for the syllabus.
Study of this historical poem will give the account of the Historical events as
well as the pleasure of Sanskrit Poetry. This study will also prove the political
importance of a lady author.
Recommended Readings
Sastri, Potukuchi Subramanya (Ed. & Comm.), 1969, Madhurāvijayam of
Gaṅgadevī, Tenali, Tendipattanam.
Thiruvantakachari, S. (Tr.), 1957, Madhurāvijaya, Annamalai University,
Annamalai.
73
B.
Mattavilāsa Prahasana 20 M
(12 hrs.)
This play is of Prahasana type, humorous play. It is evident from the
Sthāpanā of the play that it was written by a king of the Pallava dynasty named
Mahendravikrama Varman (7th
A.D).
The drunken revelry of a Kāpālika with his female companion, his falling out with
a hypocritical Śākyabhikshu believing him to have stolen his kapāla which had
been carried away by a dog, his efforts for the settlement of disputes and finally the
recovery of the kapāla from a madman - these are in brief, the incidents that make
up the plot of this Prahasana. The style is simple and beautiful & is suited to the
humorous character of the play.
This play exhibits the atmosphere of humour, not of the royal court but in the
open air. Therefore, it is important to study it as it represents the society of
common people in the early ages of Indian History.
Recommended Readings
T.Ganapatishastri (Ed.), 1917, Mattavilasaprahasana, Govt.press,
Trivendrum.
C. Bhāṇa (Bhagavadajjukīyam ) 20M
(12 hrs.)
Bhagavadajjukīyam is one of the few best Bhāṇas in Sanskrit that have been
published so far. It is called prahasanaratnam – „the gem among prahasanas‟. The
74
play abounds throughout in a wealth of wit and humor. The language is quite clear
and simple; the ideas are refined and expressed beautifully. The characters are very
typical and in presenting them on the stage the author Bodhāyana has shown an
admirable dramatic skill.
The story is of a Parivrājaka, Ajjukā a courtesan, and the exchange of their bodies.
The spirit of comedy is maintained throughout the play. This is one of the earlier
works of its type presented in a sophisticated atmosphere and therefore, is
important for understanding the feeling of common people from the masses
not bound by the rules of royal legacies.
Recommended Readings
Parab, Kashinath Pandurang, 1941, Daśarūpakam by Dhanañjaya, with the
commentary Avaloka by Dhanika, Nirnayasagar press, Mumbai.
Achan, P. Anujan, 1925, Bhagavadjjukīyam - A prahasana of Bodhāyana
Kavi, The Office of the Paliyam, MSS. Library, Jayantamangalam.
SL 408 SᾹHITYA – 2
KĀVYAPRAKĀŚA - Ullāsa 1 & 2
KATHĀSARITSĀGARA - LAMBAKA 2
A. Kāvyaprakāśa Ullāsa 1 & 2 40M
(24 hrs.)
In Sanskrit poetics Kāvyaprakāśa is very important book written by Mammaṭa.
Kāvyaprakāśa is made of three constituent parts viz.
75
Kārikās 142 ׃ stanzas defining various topics dealt in the book.
Vṛtti ׃ A prose commentary which explaining and supplementing the kārikās and
Illustrations ׃ Stanzas mostly quoted either from the works of previous rhetoricians
or from those of well-known poets.
The entire text is divided into 10 Ullāsas out of which the first and second Ullāsas
are prescribed for the syllabus. In the first Ullāsa, Mammaṭa mainly explains
Kāvyaprayojana, Kāvyahetu, definition of poetry along with its divisions etc. In
the second Ullāsa he discusses the nature of word, its types and the power of
word, kinds of indication etc.
Kāvyaprakāśa is an all-comprehensive text dealing with the topics of poetics
and therefore marks an important stage in the history. It explains lucidly and
easily the theories so is important for the students.
Recommended Readings
Apte, V.G. (Ed.), 1921, Kāvyaprakāśa, Anandashrama Granthāvali,
Pune.
Karmarkar, R.D. (Ed.), 1933, Kāvyaprakāśa with Bālabodhini
(Sanskrit Comm. Of Vāmanācārya Jhalkikar), Bhandarkar Oriental
Research Institute, Pune.
Gajendragadkar, A.B. (Tr.), 1939, Kāvyaprakāśa (First, Second, Third
and Tenth Ullāsas), Elphinstone College, Bombay.
Jha, Ganganath , 1967, Kāvyaprakāśa with Eng. Translation,
Bhāratiya Vidyā Prakāśana, Varanasi.
Sinha, Satyavrata, 1965, Kāvyaprakāśa (with Hindi Comm. Śaśikalā),
Choukhamba Vidyabhavana,Varanasi.
76
Arjunavadakar K. S. ,Mangarulakar A. G. & Hatvalane 1962,
Kāvyaprakāśa (First, Second, Third and Tenth Ullāsas with Marathi
Translation & Notes), S.R. Deshamukh Prakashan, Pune.
Mahajan, Suresh (Tr.), 2002, Kāvyaprakāśa, Datta Mangala
Prakashana, Sangali.
B. Kathāsaritsāgara - 2nd
Lambaka 40M
(24 hrs.)
The Kathāsaritsāgara is the earliest collection of stories. Somadeva, the author has
divided his work into one hundred and twenty four chapters called Taraṅgas.
Further divisions into 18 Lambakas was made by Browchous. It is beliveded that
the ocean of stories is not original, but it is taken from Guṇāḍhya‟s Bṛhatkathā.
The general reader finds number of stories narrated here are familiar to him from
childhood. The appeal of stories is immediate and lasting. Time has proved
incapable of robbing them of their freshness and fascination. The Ocean of Stories
therefore may be regarded as an attempt to present as a single whole the essence of
that rich Indian imagination.
This paper deals with the second Lambaka named as Kathāmukha. In Kathāmukha
there is a story of Udayana, king of Vatsa and his marriage with Vāsavadattā, the
daughter of king of Mālavā named Caṇḍamahāsena.
This study will inform the learners about the ancient stories in India, found
elsewhere in different forms and will introduce to him a vast world of stories.
77
Recommended Readings
Kathāsaritsāgara By Somadeva, 1970, Motilal Banarasidas, Delhi.
Penzer, N.M. (Ed.), 2001, Kathāsaritsāgara, (Eng. tr. by C.H. Tawney),
B.R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi.
SL 409 VYĀKARAṆA (GRAMMAR) – 1
TADDHITA, PARIBHĀṢENDUŚEKHARA
A. Taddhita (Selected sūtras from Aṣṭādhyāyī and
Kāśikā)
50M
(30 hrs.)
The Aṣṭādhāyī of Pāṇini is the most complete and scientific grammar ever written
by anybody in the world. It consists of eight chapters in aphoristic form and
contains 3981 aphorisms.
The term taddhita (secondary derivations) is pre-pāṇiniyan and used
by both Yāska (Nir. II.2) and Prātiśākhya of Vājasaneyi recension (Vāja. Prāti.
I.27). Pāṇini also uses the term Taddhita without actually defining it. The term
Taddhita, however, stands for the secondary derivations which are derived from
the substantives (prātipadika) by the application of the suffixes like a, yat etc. The
number of secondary suffixes mentioned by Pāṇini is quite large there are around
1110 rules in the taddhita section which cover secondary suffixes.
Nevertheless, the term taddhita implies secondary derivatives, as evidently echoed
in the sūtra, tasmai hitam (applied to it) and there are long lists of secondary nouns
derived from substantives (prātipadika).
78
The main subdivisions of taddhita affixes are: (i) Apatyārthaka (iv.1.92 to 178) (ii)
Raktādyarthaka (iv.2.1. to 91) (iii) Śaiṣika (iv.2.92 to iv, 3, 133)
(iv) Prāgdīvyatīya (iv.3.134 to 168) (v) Prāgrahatīya (iv.4.1-iv.4.74)
(vi) Prāgghitīya (iv..4.75-iv.4.109) (vii) Ᾱrhīya (v.1.1-v.1.71) (viii)
Thañadhikārastha (v.1.72-v.1.114) (ix) Bhāvakarmārthaka (v.1.115-v.1.136) (x)
Pāñcamika (v.2.1-v.2.93) (xi) Matvarthīya (v.2.94 – V.2.140) (xii)
Vibhaktisañjñaka (V.3.1. – V.3.26) and (xiii) Svārthika (V.3.27 – V.4.68)
Recommended Readings
Abhyankar, K.V., 1961, A Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar, Oriental
Institute, Baroda.
Katre, S.M., 1968, Dictionary of Pāṇini, Silver Jubilee Series, 53, Deccan
College Publication, Pune.
Katre, S.M. (Ed. & Tr.),1989-(Reprint 2003), Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇinī, Motilal
Banrasidass, Delhi.
Bȍhtlingk, Otto K., 1964, Pāṇini’s Grammatik, Georg olms
Verlagsbuchhandlung, Hildesheim.
Kielhorn, F. (Ed.), 1885, The Vyākarṇamahābhāṣya, Bombay.
Vasu, S.C., 1962, The Astādhyāyī of Pāṇini, [Eng.Tr.] Motilal Banarasidass,
New Delhi.
Vasu, S.C., 1962, The Siddhāntakaumudī of Bhaṭṭojī Dīkṣita, [Eng. Tr.]
Motilal Banarasidass, New Delhi.
Sathe, M.D. (Ed. & Tr.), 1968, Vaiyākaraṇa Siddhāntakaumudī of Bhaṭṭoji
Dīkṣit, Sanskrit Vidya Parisamstha, Pune.
79
B. Paribhāṣenduśekhara (Thirtyfive Paribhāṣās)
30M
(18 hrs.)
The Paribhāsenduśekhara is a treatise by Nāgeśa Bhatta (18th
A.D.). The Paribhāsas
are the conventional rules of grammar . Nāgeśa Bhatta has collected various
Paribhāsas in his book as they are either suggested by Panini himself or stated by
Patañjali or which are established through popular notions. The aim of this topic
is to introduce the student with the techniques and process of Pānini’s
derivative system.
Recommended Readings
Abhyankar, K.V. (Ed.), 1962, Paribhāsenduśekhara (Part I),
Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune.
Kielhorn, F. (Ed.), 1960, Paribhāsenduśekhara (Part II), Bhandarkar
Oriental Research Institute, Pune.
SL 410 VYᾹKARAṆA (GRAMMAR) – 2
PARAMALAGHUMAÑJŪṢĀ,
BHVĀDIPRAKARAṆA (SIDDHĀNTAKAUMUDĪ)
A. Paramalaghumañjūṣā (up to Tātparyanirūpanam )
40M
(24 hrs.)
Paramalaghumañjūṣā is authored by Nāgeśa Bhatta (18th
C.E.). This is an abridged
version of his own Vaiyākaraṇasiddhāntamañjūṣā. The text deals with the
philosophical aspect of grammar. It deals with various semantic issues like the
types of meanings, verbal meaning, nominal meaning etc. The reading of this
80
book will help the student to know the semantic theory of grammar in
particular and the Indian philosophy of language in general.
Recommended Readings
Joshi, Sadashiv Shastri (Ed.), 1946, Paramalaghumañjūṣā
Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series, Banares.
B. Bhvādi-prakaraṇa (Siddhāntakaumudī) 40M
(24 hrs.)
In Pāṇini‟s Dhātupāṭḥa are enumerated approximately 2000 roots. These roots are
divided into ten conjugations. These roots decline in ten different tenses and
moods. They are also divided into Ātmanepada (Ā.P.) and Parasmaipada (P.P).
Bhvādiprakaraṇa of Siddhāntakaumudī deals with Parasmaipadī roots from first
conjugation beginning with root bhū- and Ātmanepadī roots beginning with edh-.
In this section many different prakriyās are stated to form a finite verbal form of
the roots belonging to the first conjugation.
The study of this section will help the student to know the basic procedure of
verbal declention in every detail.
Recommended Readings
Katre, S.M. (Ed. & Tr.),1989-(Reprint 2003), Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇinī,
Motilal Banrasidass, Delhi.
Sathe, M.D. (Ed. & Tr.), 1968, Vaiyākaraṇa Siddhāntakaumudī of
Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣit, Sanskrit Vidya Parisamstha, Pune.
81
Vasu, S.C. (Ed. & Tr.), 1962, Vaiyākaraṇa Siddhāntakaumudī of
Bhaṭṭojī Dīkṣit, Motilal Banrasidass, Delhi.
SL 411 Dissertation
Certificate Course in Research Methodology
The course includes various topics to help the students understand the process of
research and define exactly as well as set up the problem for Research. This course
includes three major aspects of research
Orientation
What is research? Definitions, Origin, Characteristics and Steps of scientific
research. Formulation of problem, formulation of hypothesis, Research design,
Sampling, collection of data, classification of data, analysis of data conclusion,
Interpretation of conclusions and report writing. Qualities of a good researcher
and Role of a research guide
Traditional research methods (10)Historical , Philosophical, Comparative,
Explanatory, Psychological, Statistical, Deductive and inductive, Metaphysical,
legal institutional, functional.Key terms in research- Investigation, Exploration,
Examination, Analysis, Hypothesis (characteristics and types), Data, Methods
and techniques,Results and findings etc.
Research process
Research area and research topic, Preparing bibliography for background reading,
Libraries, referencing, latest scholars and publications, journals. Formulating the
82
research problem.Extensive survey of relevant literature texts, manuscripts, critical
editions.Developing hypothesis, Difficulties in approaches of objectivity, Research
Design, characteristics of RD, Need of RD. Use of Dictionaries and help material.
Important dictionaries- PW, MW, Apte etc. Index literature. Defining aims and
objectives. Deciding the scope and limitations. Adopting appropriate research
methodology- Data collection, sampling technique. Content analysis and
interpretation. Writing a research proposal, Problems in writing the proposal.
Using computers in research process.
Practical work
Small projects in different subjects like preparation of the bibliography, writing a
research article etc. are carried out by the students.
Recommended Readings
George, Watson, 1970,The literary thesis, A guide to research, London
Chindhade, S & Thorat, A ,2009 , Doing Research, CPU,Mumbai,
Hunt, Andy ,2005, Your research Project, New Delhi, Foundation books.
Abdul, Rahim F. ,2005, Thesis Writing: A manual for researchers, New Age
International, Delhi.
Gibaldi, Joseph, (6th
edn. 2003) MLA handbook of writers of research
papers, MLA association, New York.
Sant , D. K. ,1988, Samshodhan paddhati,prakriya va antaranga , Pune
Vidyarthi gruha Prakashan, Pune.
Karhade ,B.M. ,2007, Shastriya Samshodhan Paddhati, Nagpur.
Kothari, C.R. , 1985, Research methodology methods and techniques.
Recommended