View
222
Download
1
Category
Tags:
Preview:
Citation preview
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Stanford Prison Experiment Stanford Prison Experiment
• Turn to page 565
Prison Experiment
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Social PsychologySocial Psychology
Social psychology – The branch of psychology that studies the effects of social variables and cognitions on individual behavior and social interactions.
Social context – The combination of:(a) People
(b) The activities and interactions among people
(c) The setting in which behavior occurs
(d) The expectations and social norms governing behavior in that setting
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
How Does theHow Does theSocial Situation Social Situation
Affect our Behavior?Affect our Behavior?
We usually adapt our behavior to the demands of the social situation, and in ambiguous situations we take our cues from the
behavior of others in that setting.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Social Situations Social Situations
Situationism –The view that environmental conditions influence people’s behavior as much or more than their personal dispositions do.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Social Standards of BehaviorSocial Standards of Behavior
Social role –One of several socially defined patterns of behavior that are expected of persons in a given setting or group.
Script –Knowledge about the sequenceof events and actions that isexpected in a particular setting.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Social Standards of BehaviorSocial Standards of Behavior
Social norms – A group’s expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for its members’ attitudes and behavior (unwritten rules).
Violating Social Norms in an Elevator
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Conformity Conformity
• The tendency for people to adopt the behaviors, attitudes, and opinions of other members of a group.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
A 1 2 3
Standard line Comparison lines
Conformity:Conformity: The Asch Studies The Asch Studies
Which line matches the line on the left?
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Conformity:Conformity: The Asch Studies The Asch Studies
What would you say if you were in a room full of people who all picked line number three?
A 1 2 3
Standard line Comparison lines
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Group Characteristics That Produce Group Characteristics That Produce ConformityConformity
• Asch identifies three factors that influence whether a person will yield to pressure:1. The size of the majority.
2. The presence of a partner who dissented from the majority.
3. The size of the discrepancy between the correct answer and the majority position.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
GroupthinkGroupthink
• In “groupthink,” members of the group attempt to conform their opinions to what each believes to be the consensus of the group.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
GroupthinkGroupthink
Conditions likely to promote groupthink include:• High group cohesiveness• Directive leadership• Similarity of members’ social background
and ideology• High stress from external threats with low
hope of a better solution than that of the group leader
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
ObedienceObedience to Authority to Authority
• Imagine if an experimenter studying “the effects of punishment on memory” asked you to deliver painful electric shocks to a middle-aged man who had been treated for a heart condition.
• Each time the man missedan answer, you would beinstructed to deliver anincreasingly powerful shock.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Shocking ResultsThe Shocking Results
• Nearly 2/3 delivered the maximum 450 volts to the learner!
• Most of those who refused to give the maximum shock obeyed until reaching about 300 volts.
• No one who got within 5 switches of the end refused to go all the way (by then their resistance was broken).
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Obedience to AuthorityObedience to Authority
• This controversial experiment demonstrated the powerful effects of obedience to authority.
• Situational factors, and not personality variables, appeared to effect people’s levels of obedience.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Bystander ProblemThe Bystander Problem
Diffusion of responsibility –Dilution or weakening of each group member’s obligation to act when responsibility is perceived to be shared with all group members.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Bystander ProblemThe Bystander Problem
• In one experiment, a student was led to believe that the he or she was taking part in an experiment with between one and five other students (over an intercom).
• The student then heard what sounded like another student having a seizure and gasping for help.
• The researchers timed how long it would take the students to ask for help.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Bystander Intervention in an EmergencyBystander Intervention in an Emergency
2-person groups2-person groups
3-person groups3-person groups
6-person groups6-person groups
20 80 120 160 200 240 280
Seconds from beginning of emergency
80
40
60
100
20
0
Per
cent
age
help
ing
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Constructing Social Reality:Constructing Social Reality:What Influences OurWhat Influences Our
Judgments of Others?Judgments of Others?
The judgments we make about others depend not only on their behavior but also on
our interpretation of their actions within a social
context.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Constructing Social Reality:Constructing Social Reality:What Influences OurWhat Influences Our
Judgments of Others?Judgments of Others?
Social reality – An individual’s subjective interpretation of other people and of relationships with them.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Interpersonal AttractionInterpersonal Attraction
Reward theory of attraction – A social learning view that says we like best those who give us maximum rewards at minimum cost.
ProximityProximity SimilaritySimilarity
Self-DisclosureSelf-Disclosure Physical Physical AttractivenessAttractiveness
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Reward Theory of AttractionReward Theory of Attraction
ProximityPeople will make friends
with those who are nearby.
Similarity
People are attracted to those who are more
similar to themselves.
Self-Disclosure Allows you to get to
know each other and signifies a sense of trust
in the relationship.
Physical Attractiveness People find it more
rewarding to associate with people they find physically attractive.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Expectations and theExpectations and theInfluence of Self-EsteemInfluence of Self-Esteem
Matching hypothesis – Prediction that most people will find friends and mates that are about their same level of attractiveness.
Expectancy-value theory – Theory that people decide whether or not to pursue a relationship by weighing the potential value of the relationship against their expectations of success in establishing the relationship.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Attraction and Self-JustificationAttraction and Self-Justification
Cognitive dissonance – A highly motivating state in which people have conflicting cognitions, especially when their voluntary actions conflict with their attitudes.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Making CognitiveMaking CognitiveAttributionsAttributions
Fundamental attribution error – Tendency to emphasize internal causes and ignore external pressures.
Actor-observer effect –
Tendency to attribute internal causes more often for other people's behavior and external attributions more often for one’s own behavior.
Self-serving bias – Attributional pattern in which one takes credit for success but denies responsibility for failure.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and Discrimination
Prejudice – A negative attitude toward an individual based solely on his or her membership in a particular group.
Discrimination – A negative action taken against an individual as a result of his or her group membership.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and Discrimination
In-group – The group with which an individual identifies.
Out-group – Those outside the group with which an individual identifies.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and Discrimination
Social distance – The perceived difference or similarity between oneself and another person.
Scapegoating –
Blaming an innocent person or a group for one’s own troubles.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Other Topics in Social PsychologyOther Topics in Social Psychology
Social facilitation –An increase in an individual’s performance because of being in a group.
Social loafing –A decrease in performance because of being in a group.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Other Topics in Social PsychologyOther Topics in Social Psychology
Deindividuation –Occurs when group members lose their sense of personal identity and responsibility and the group “assumes” responsibility for their behavior.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Other Topics in Social PsychologyOther Topics in Social Psychology
Group polarization –When individuals in a group have similar, though not identical views, their opinions become more extreme.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Loving RelationshipsLoving Relationships
Romantic love – A temporary and highly emotional condition based on infatuation and sexual desire.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love
CommitmentCommitment
PassionPassion IntimacyIntimacy
Friendship
Infatuation
Complete Love
Romantic Love
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The power of the situation can help us understand violence
and terrorism, but the broader understanding requires
multiple perspectives that go beyond the boundaries of
traditional psychology.
What Are the Roots of What Are the Roots of Violence and Terrorism?Violence and Terrorism?
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Turn to page 597 and read
The Robbers’ Cave: An Experiment in Conflict
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Robbers’ Cave: The Robbers’ Cave: An Experiment in ConflictAn Experiment in Conflict
• In the Robber’s Cave experiment, conflict between groups arose from an intensely competitive situation.
• Cooperation, however, replaced conflict when the experimenters contrived situations that fostered mutual interdependence and common goals for the groups.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Robbers’ Cave: The Robbers’ Cave: An Experiment in ConflictAn Experiment in Conflict
Violence and aggression – Terms that refer to behavior that is intended to cause harm.
Cohesiveness – Solidarity, loyalty, and a sense of group membership.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Robbers’ Cave: The Robbers’ Cave: An Experiment in ConflictAn Experiment in Conflict
Mutual interdependence – Shared sense that individuals or groups need each other in order to achieve common goals.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
TerrorismTerrorism
Terrorism – The use of violent, unpredictable acts by a small group against a larger group for political, economic, or religious goals.
• Taking multiple perspectives can provide important insights on the problems of aggression, violence, and terrorism.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Strategies of PersuasionStrategies of Persuasion
Foot-in-the-door technique:• A method of eliciting compliance by
first making a modest request and then following it with a larger request.
Door-in-the-face technique:• A method of compliance by first making an
outrageous request and then replying to the refusal with a more reasonable request.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Strategies of PersuasionStrategies of Persuasion
Bait-and-switch technique:• The procedure of first offering an
extremely favorable deal and then making additional demands after the other person has committed to the deal.
That’s-not-all-technique:• A method of eliciting compliance
when a person makes an offer and then improves the offer before anyone has a chance to reply.
Recommended