Constructing a Research Paper: Literature Review€¦ · 1. What is a literature review? 2. Why is...

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Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya IlmuPengetahuan,Teknologi,dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti)

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Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan DiktiAddress:JL.Jenderal Sudirman,Pintu ISenayan,Gedung D,JakartaPusat,DKIJakarta10270,IndonesiaTel.:+622157946105Website:http://www.dikti.go.id Email:dikti@dikti.go.id,subdit_pk@dikti.go.id

ResearchProposalforPursuingBUDI-LNScholarship

ConstructingaResearchPaper:LiteratureReview

Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya IlmuPengetahuan,Teknologi,dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti)Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya IlmuPengetahuan,Teknologi,dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti)

LearningObjectivesBytheendofthissection,youshouldbeableto:• Definewhat aliteraturereviewisandwhy itis

important.• Identifythefivestepsinconductingaliterature

review.

Thu,Sep29,2016 TalentScoutingKEMENRISTEK-DIKTI 2

Outline1. ResearchProcessCycle2. IntroductiontoReviewingtheLiterature3. WhatisaLiteratureReview?4. WhyisLiteratureReviewimportant?5. The5StepsinConductingaLiteratureReview

ResearchProcessCycle

4TalentScoutingKEMENRISTEK-DIKTIThu,Sep29,2016

1.IdentifyingaResearchProblem•Specifyingaproblem•Justifyingit•Suggestingtheneedtostudyitforaudiences

2.ReviewingtheLiterature•Locatingresources•Selectingresources•Summarizingresources

3.SpecifyingaPurposeforResearch•Identifyingthepurposestatement•Narrowingthepurposestatementtoresearchquestionsorhypotheses

4.CollectingData•Selectingindividualstostudy•Obtainingpermissions•Gatheringinformation

5.AnalyzingandInterpretingData•Breakingdownthedata•Representingthedata•Explainingthedata

6.ReportingandEvaluatingResearch•Decidingonaudiences•Structuringthereport•Writingthereportsensitively

(source:J.W.Creswell,2011)

FlowoftheResearchProcess:Quantitativevs.QualitativeResearch

IntroductiontoaLiteratureReview• Theliteraturereviewpresentsoneofthegreatestchallengesoftheresearch

proposaltoexperienced andinexperienced researchersalike.• Itisimportanttoknowwhohasstudiedtheresearchproblemyouplanto

examine.• Perspectivefrom:

• Students:Youmayfearthatyouwillinitiateandconductastudythatmerelyreplicatespriorresearch.

• Advisors:Theyfear thatyouwillplanastudythatDOESNOT• (1)buildonexistingknowledge• (2)addtotheaccumulationoffindingsonatopic

• Needfrequentpractices andexperience• Itisimportantthatyourliteraturereviewismorethanjustalistofreferences

withashortdescriptionofeachone.

Example:

• Anisa wantsto“studyontheUserCharacteristicsontheUseofInternetapplicationsatuniversities”.

• However,shehasn’tspentmuchtimeintheuniversitylibrary.Hence,shecompilesalistofquestionsforheradvisor:

1. Whatisaliteraturereview?2. Whyisimportant?3. WheredoIbegininconductingaliteraturereview?4. WhatarethebestmaterialstoincludeinmyreviewandhowdoIlocatethem?5. IsitworthmytimetosearchtheInternetfortheliterature?6. Arethereanyshortcutsforidentifyingjournalarticlesonmytopic?7. ShouldIgatherandsummarizebothquantitativeandqualitativestudies?8. Howlongshouldmyliteraturereviewbe?9. DoyouhaveanexampleofaliteraturereviewthatImightexamine?

Let’strytoanswerthosequestions!

WhatisaLiteratureReview?• Aliteraturereview isawrittensummaryof

• journalarticles,• conferencepapers• books,• governmentdocuments,and• otherdocumentsthatdescribesthepastandcurrentstateofinformationonthetopicofyourresearchstudy.

• Usereferencesfromthelast7to10yearsThu,Sep29,2016 TalentScoutingKEMENRISTEK-DIKTI 9

WhatisaLiteratureReview?(Cont’d)• providesaconceptualframework forthereader

• Sothattheresearchquestionandmethodology canbebetterunderstood,• demonstratestotheexpertreaderthattheresearcherisawareofthe

breadth anddiversity ofliteraturethatrelatestotheresearchquestion,

• situatesyourresearchfocuswithinthecontextofthewideracademiccommunityinyourfield,

• reportsyourcriticalreviewoftherelevantliterature,• identifiesagap withinthatliteraturethatyourresearchwillattemptto

address.

Whyisitimportant?Pleaseanswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtoyourresearchtopic!

1. Whatresearchquestion(s)areyouasking?2. Whyareyouaskingit(orthem)?3. Hasanyoneelsedoneanythingsimilar?4. Isyourresearchrelevanttoresearch,practice,ortheoryinyour

field?5. Whatisalreadyknownorunderstoodaboutthistopic?6. Howmightyourresearchaddtothisunderstanding,orchallenge

existingtheoriesandbeliefs?Thu,Sep29,2016 TalentScoutingKEMENRISTEK-DIKTI 11

Whyisitimportant?(Cont’d)• Itshowsyourawareness ofthemostimportant

andrelevant theories,models,studies,andmethodologies.• Providinganintegratedoverviewofyourfieldofstudy is

veryimportant• LikeAnisa,youconductaliteraturereviewto

convince yourgraduatecommitteethatyouknowtheliteratureonyourtopicandthatyoucansummarizeit.

DifferencesinExtentandUseofLiteratureinQuantitativeandQualitativeResearch

The5StepsinConductingaLiteratureReview1. Identifykeytermstouseinyoursearchforliterature.2. Locateliterature aboutatopicbyconsultingseveraltypes

ofmaterialsanddatabases,includingthoseavailableatanacademiclibraryandontheInternet.

3. Criticallyevaluateandselecttheliterature foryourreview.4. Organizetheliterature youhaveselectedbyabstractingor

takingnotesontheliteratureanddevelopingavisualdiagramofit.

5. Writealiteraturereview thatreportssummariesoftheliteratureforinclusioninyourresearchreport.

Step1:Identifykeyterms1. Writeapreliminary“workingtitle”foraproject

• Select2– 3keywordsinthetitlethatcapturethecentralideaofyourstudy.

2. Poseashort,generalresearchquestion thatyouwouldlikeansweredinthestudy.• Select2– 3wordsinthisquestionthatbestsummarizetheprimary

directionofthestudy.3. Usewordsthatauthorsreportintheliterature.4. Lookinacatalogofterms tofindwordsthatmatchyourtopic.5. Gotothebookshelvesinauniversitylibraryoronlinedatabasesuchas

Internet

Exercise:• Findyourresearchinterestandaddressoneofresearchtopics!

Step2:Locateliteratureaboutatopic1. Youcannowbeginthesearchwithyourkeyterms forrelevant

literature,• YoumightbetemptedtobeginyoursearchbyaccessingtheInternet and

exploringtheelectronicliteratureavailableonatopic.2. Youmightalsobeginyoursearchbyaskingfacultyorstudentsto

recommendgoodarticlesandstudiestoreview.

NOTE:• AlthoughthesearchbyaccessingtheInternetmaybeconvenient,notall

literaturepostedontheInternetisdependable.• Sometimesindividualspostarticlesthathavenotpassedthrough

standardsofexternalreviews.• However,full-textdocumentsofhighqualityarealsoavailableonthe

Internet.Thu,Sep29,2016 TalentScoutingKEMENRISTEK-DIKTI 16

UsingtheInternetasaResourceforaLiteratureReview

Advantages• Thereiseasyaccesstomaterialsincetheresearchercansearchanytimeoftheday.

• Websiteshaveabreadthofinformationonmosttopics.

• Websitesprovideanetworkthatresearcherscancontactabouttheirtopicandresearchproblem.

• ResearchpostedtoWebsitesistypicallycurrentinformation.

• Websiteliteraturemaynotbeorganizedorsummarizedinawaythatisuseful.

• Websitescanbesearchedeasilyusingasearchengineandkeywords.

• SelectresearchstudiescanbeprintedimmediatelyfromWebsites.

Disadvantages• ResearchpostedtoWebsitesisnotreviewedforqualityby“experts.”• TheresearchfoundonWebsitesmayhavebeenplagiarizedwithoutthesearcher’sknowledge.• Researchstudiesmaybedifficulttofindandtime-consumingtolocate.• Websiteliteraturemaynotbeorganizedorsummarizedinawaythatisuseful.• Full-textelectronicjournalsavailableontheWebarenewandfewinnumber.

SampleERICJournalArticleResume

Step3:CriticallyEvaluateandSelecttheLiterature1. Isitagood,accuratesource?

• Whenyoudothefirst2steps, identifyingkeywords andlocatingresources,youneedtodetermineifitisagoodsource.

2. Isitrelevant?• Topicrelevance:Doestheliteraturefocusonthesametopicasyourproposed

study?• Individualandsiterelevance:Doestheliteratureexaminethesameindividualsor

sitesthatyouwanttostudy?• Problemandquestionrelevance:Doestheliteratureexaminethesameresearch

problemthatyouproposetostudy?Doesitaddressthesameresearchquestionyouplantoaddress?

• Accessibilityrelevance:Istheliteratureavailableinyourlibraryorcanyoudown-loaditfromaWebsite?CanyouobtainiteasilyfromthelibraryoraWebsite?

IfyouanswerYES tothesequestions,thentheliteratureisgoodsource andrelevantforyourliteraturereview.

Step4:OrganizetheliteratureOnceyouhavelocatedtheliterature,assesseditsquality,andcheckeditforrelevance,thenextstepistoorganize itforaliteraturereview.1. Reproducing,Downloading,andFiling2. TakingNotesandAbstractingStudies

• Anabstract isasummaryofthemajoraspectsofastudyorarticle,conveyedinaconciseway(comprises200- 350words)andwrittenwithspecificcomponentsthatdescribethestudy.

• Identify(forquantitative research):• Researchproblems• Researchquestionsorhypotheses• Datacollectionprocedure• Results ofthestudy

SampleAbstractforaQuantitativeResearchStudy

Step4:Organizetheliterature(cont’d)2. TakingNotesandAbstractingStudies(cont’d)

• Identify(forqualitativeresearch):• Researchproblems• Researchquestions• Datacollectionprocedure• Findings

3. ConstructingaLiteratureMap• Aliteraturemap isafigureordrawingthatdisplaystheresearchliterature(e.g.,studies,essays,books,chapters,andsummaries)onatopic,

SampleAbstractforaQualitative ResearchStudy

ExampleofALiteratureMap:Hierarchical Design

ExampleofALiteratureMap:CircularDesign

Step5:WriteaLiteratureReview1. UsingaStyleManual:

1) End-of-textreferences,2) Within-of-textreferences,and3) Headings• Themostpopularstyle guideineducationalresearch

isAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,6th edition(APA,6th Edition),

Step5:WriteaLiteratureReview(Cont’d)• ExampleofEnd-of-textreferences:

• JournalarticleElam,S.M.(1989).ThesecondPhiDeltaKappapollofteachers’attitudestoward

publicschools.PhiDeltaKappan,70(3),785–798.• Conferencepaper

Zedexk,S.,&Baker,H.T.(1971,May).Evaluationofbehavioralexpectationscales.PaperpresentedatthemeetingoftheMidwesternPsychologicalAssociation,Detroit,MI.

• ExampleofEnd-of-textreferences:• Rogers(1994)comparedreactiontimesforathletesandnonathletes inmiddleschools….• Paststudiesofreactiontimes(Gogel,1984;Rogers,1994;Smith,1989)showed….• Entiregroupsofstudieshaveaddressedthedifficultyoftesttakingandreactiontimes(Gogel,1984;Happenstance,1995;Lucky,1994;Smith,1989).

• ExampleofHeadings:ReviewoftheLiterature(Level1)

Introduction(Level2)Socialsupport.Peoplebandtogetherinworkunits....(Level3)

Step5:WriteaLiteratureReview(Cont’d)2. WritingStrategies

• Severaladditionalelementswillneedyourattention:1) theextentofthereview:• OnequestionMariaaskedheradvisorwas“Howlongshould

myliteraturereviewbe?”• à Thereisnoeasyanswer tothisquestion,butyoucanbegin

byconsideringthetypeofresearchreport youarewriting

• Severaladditionalelementswillneedyourattention:2) thetypeofreview• thematic reviewoftheliterature:theresearcheridentifiesa

themeandbrieflycitesliteraturetodocumentthistheme,• study-by-study reviewoftheliterature: itprovidesadetailed

summaryofeachstudygroupedunderabroadtheme.

• Severaladditionalelementswillneedyourattention:3) ConcludingStatementoftheReview• Howdoyouendaliteraturereviewsectioninastudy?• First,summarizethemajorthemes.Askyourself,“Whatare

themajorresultsandfindingsfromallofthestudiesIhavereviewed?” à Itwillresultseveralthemes

• Second,brieflysummarizeeachtheme.• andsoforth.

Thesummaryofthemesandtheauthor’sjustificationoftheneedforadditionalresearch.Thefactorsinfluencingfacultytobeproductiveresearchersfoundintheliteraturesuggestthreethemes:earlyproductivity(Didfacultybeginpublishingearlyintheircareers?);mentoring(Didfacultyapprenticeunderadistinguishedresearcher?);andsupportsystems(Didfacultyhaveadequatefundingfortheirresearch?).Thesefactors,althoughimportant,donotaddressthetimefacultyneedtoconductresearch.Whenfacultyhaveallottedtimeforscientificinvestigationsandinquiries,ithelpstofocustheirattention,offerssustainedmomentumforresearch,andremovesdistractingactivitiesthatmaydrawtheirattentionawayfromresearch.

• Theauthorstates3themesand,fromthesethemes,identifiesanareaforfutureresearch:facultytime.Then,theauthoridentifiesthreereasonsfortheimportanceofthestudyoffacultytime.

In-classassignment1. Whatisyourresearchinterestandyouridea?2. Defineoneormorethemeofyourresearchtopics!3. Findsomeliteratures!4. Byusingthe5stepsinconductingliteraturereview,Doacriticalreview

ofeachliterature!• Importanceofresearchtopic• Researchfindingsandothersourceofinformation• Timelinessofthetopic• Specifyyourpointofview• Summarizeeachliteratureattheend(conclusion),and• Writeyourargument(itshouldbecoherent)

IdentificationonTrafficClassificationterm:Example

• Authors• Title• Publicationyear• Citations(approx.)• Subjectivemark• Distinctivefor• Advantages• Disadvantages• Outputleveldetail• Detectsunknown?• MachineLearningalgorithm• Real-timeclassification?• Encrypted?

• Automatic?• Networkarea• Trafficscope• CanworkonNetFlow?• Requiredheaderfields• Trafficfeatures• Trainingessence• Classificationessence• Testingdatasetsummary• Evaluatedtraffic• Performance• Papertype• Multiclassifier /multilevel?

References1. J.W.Creswell,“EducationalResearch:Planning,Conducting,andEvaluatingQuantitative

andQualitativeResearch”,Pearson,2011.ISBN:97801313673952. Anonymous.“TheWriter’sHandbook:AcademicandProfessionalWriting”,Universityof

Wisconsin-Madison,Aug29,2014.Internet:AccessDate:Sep16,2016onURL:http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/index.html

3. SSDS,“ResearchSkills”,inWritingaResearchProposal.UniversityofLeicester.2010.4. R.Murray,“Howtosurviveyourviva”,Maidenhead:OpenUniversityPress.2003.5. G.Rugg andM.Petre,“TheunwrittenrulesofPhDresearch”.Maidenhead:OpenUniversity

Press, 2004.6. P.Tinkler andC.Jackson,“Thedoctoralexaminationprocess:ahandbookforstudents,

examinersandsupervisors”,TheSocietyforResearchintoHigherEducation.Maidenhead:OpenUniversityPress,2004.

7. J.Wellington,A.Bathmaker,C.Hunt,G.McCulloch,andP.Sikes,“Succeedingwithyourdoctorate”,London:Sage,2005.

8. “Howtowritearesearchproposal”,BirminghamCityUniversity,2011.Internet:AccessDate:Sep16,2016onURL:http://library.bcu.ac.uk/learner/Writing%20index.htm

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Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan DiktiAddress:JL.Jenderal Sudirman,Pintu ISenayan,Gedung D,JakartaPusat,DKIJakarta10270,IndonesiaTel.:+622157946105Website:http://www.dikti.go.id Email:dikti@dikti.go.id,subdit_pk@dikti.go.id

"IhearandIforget;IseeandIremember;IdoandIunderstand."

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