Classification of Organisms Why Classify?. The scientific name of an organism gives biologists a...

Classification of Organisms

Why Classify?

The scientific name of an organism gives

biologists a common way of communicating,

regardless of their native language!

Classification:1. Why Classify?

– Eliminate confusion

– Organize information

– Reveal Evolutionary relationships

Classification:2. What is

Taxonomy?

* Field of biology that identifies and

classifies organisms

Classification:

What is the name (general) of a scientist who studies traits to determine evolutionary relationships?

*Taxonomist

Classification:3. What was Aristotle’s

method of classification? What did he use to put organisms in these categories?

*Plants and Animals

*Animals were further

divided to where they

lived (air, land, water)

Classification: 4. Which biologist

developed the current classification system?–Carlos

Linnaeus began working on classification in 1735

Classification:Linnaeus He placed organisms into Taxon or Taxa (pl) From: most general to most specific

Carlos Linnaeus method for Classification

•Morphology: Structure and Form

Classification:5. Hierarchy of Classification (from

largest to smallest)– domain– kingdom– phylum– class– order– family– genus– species

Classification: What is a domain? What are the three

domains and which kingdoms do they contain?

*Domain – most general category in which kingdoms are placed.

*Archaea – Archaebacteria

*Bacteria – Eubacteria

*Eukarya – Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Classification:6. Binomial nomenclature: What is it?

Which language is used and why?– 2-name system using the genus name and

the species name. The scientific name is either underlined or italicized. The first letter of the Genus name is capitalized and the species name is lowercase.

– EX: Cambarus bartoni or Cambarus bartoni

– Latin - universal language

Ursus americanus

American Black Bear

How about some EXAMPLES?

• Homo sapiens -----

• Castor canadensis-----

• Canis latrans---

How Biologists Classify Organisms

5. Dichotomous key – tool used to identify organisms. It lists several observable traits and 2 contrasting options.

18.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms

1. Define Phylogeny:

*evolutionary history

18.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms

2. What is a Phylogenetic Tree?*a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships. Shows possible relationships among phyla. Tips represent modern organisms.

What do they consider when classifying organisms?

3a. Fossil record – fossils give clues to evolutionary history; some organisms have a complete record, some have incomplete records.

What do they consider when classifying organisms?

3b. Morphology - Form & structure

• EX: homologous vs analogous structures. Determine if there is a common ancestor or not.

What do they consider when classifying organisms?

• Embryology –

A blastopore is a small indentation that develops into the digestive system. blastopore @ the anterior end (mouth) and in chordates/echinoderms, the blastopore @ the posterior end (anus).

What do they consider when classifying organisms?

3c. Embryology – egg + sperm = zygote; zygote divides via mitosis and forms a blastula.

Embryology

• Do you remember?

What do they consider when classifying organisms?

3d. Macromolecule comparison – amino acid and protein comparison (remember the amino acid activity).

18.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms

4. Why do biologists study cladistics?

* Infers relationships based on shared characters (features).

– Cladogram – ancestry diagrams

How Biologists Classify Organisms

4. Differentiate between an ancestral character and a derived character. Provide examples.

– Ancestral character – feature that evolved in a common ancestor of two different groups. (backbone is in birds and mammals)

– Derived character – feature that apparently evolved only within the group under consideration. (birds and feathers – mammals do not have feathers)

How Biologists Classify Organisms

4c. What is a cladogram? How are organisms placed on a cladogram?

*Cladogram –

ancestry diagrams

~Organisms that

share derived

characters are

grouped together.

18.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms

How are cladograms and phylogenetic trees similar?

*each represents a hypothesis of evolutionary history, which must be inferred because it was not observed.

Domain Archaea

Domain Eubacteria

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Protista

Amoeba Paramecium Giardia

Water Mold Slime Mold

Euglena DinoflagellatesDiatomBrown AlgaeGreen Algae

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Bryophyte (Moss)

Pteridophyte(Fern)

Pteridophyte(Fern)

Coniferophytes (Pine Trees) Angiosperm;

DicotAngiosperm;

Monocot

Time for some Classification!!

• List your 15 Favorite Musical Artists or Groups.

KINGDOM•MUSIC

PHYLUM•Type of Music ie: Blues, Rock, Rap

CLASS• Specific Type ie: Rock: Classic

Rock, Punk Rock etc.

OrderThis is Extra Credit!

• Record labels

Family

Band or Artist’s Name

ie: Ludacris

Genus species• Title of Song

The Break Down!• Birth name: Christopher Brian Bridges

Born: September 11, 1977 ) (age 30)Champaign, Illinois, United States

• Origin: Atlanta, Georgia, United States• Genre(s):Southern Rap

Pop RapCrunkHyphyHardcore RapGangsta Rap

• Years active1998 – present• Label(s)Disturbing tha Peace/Def Jam