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Classification •method of logically grouping organisms based on common characteristics
TaxonomyTaxonomy
•does the actually grouping into the groups called TAXON (s – TAXA) with some kind of biological significance. •EX: Things that fly, swim, walk, have feathers, etc.
Early Systems of Classification
Biologists use a system of classification to organize information about the diversity of living things.
The History of Classification
Organizing Life’s DiversitySection 1
How many different terms can you think of for trying to tell someone
something is really good? WRITE ‘EM DOWN!
Need for common terms of description and classification so
that everyone knows what you are saing
Linnaeus’s System
Organizing Life’s Diversity
The History of Classification
Section 1
• He assigned two Latin names to each different species of organism
• This is their scientific name (binomial nomenclature)
Homo sapiens (human)
Ursus maritimus (polar bear)
Alba rubrum (red oak)
Ursus arctos (grizzly bear)
Taxonomic Categories
Organizing Life’s Diversity
categories used by scientists are part of a
nestednested-hierarchal system.
Each category is contained within another, and theyare arranged from broadest to most specific.
The History of Classification
Section 1
Linked
• Scientific names will always be in Latin.
• Latin is a dead language that will not evolve unlike other languages so it cannot change.• Genus name first– Always CAPITALIZED
• Species name second– Never capitalized
• Can either be…– Italicized– Underlined
ORGANISM Felis domesticus
Canis familiari
s
Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Danaus plexippus
English Cat Dag Eagle Butterfly
Spanish Gato Perro Águila Mariposa
French Chat Chienne L'aigle Papillion
German Katze Hund AlderSchmetterlin
g
Picture
The Taxonomic order:• From the biggest group to the smallest
group or taxa
Taxa Human Cat DogKingdom Animalia Animalia AnimaliaPhylum Chordata Chordata ChordataClass Mammalia Mammalia MammaliaOrder Primate Carnivora CarnivoraFamily Hominoidae Felidae CanidaeGenus Homo Felis Canisspecies sapiens catuslupusWhich two organisms are more closely related and why?
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species.
The phylogenic species concept defines a species as a cluster of organisms that is distinct from other clusters and shows evidence of a pattern of ancestry and descent.
Section 2
To classify a species, scientists construct patterns of descent by using characters.
Concepts in Motion p497
Morphological Characters
Shared morphological characters suggest that species are related closely and evolved from a recent common ancestor.
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Analogous characters are those that have the same function but different underlying construction.
Section 2
Homologous characters might perform different functions, but show an anatomical similarity inherited from a common ancestor.
Birds and Dinosaurs
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Compare birds and dinosaurs:
Hollow bones
Theropods have leg, wrist, hip, and shoulder structures similar to birds.
Some theropods may have had feathers.
Modern Classification
Section 2
Biochemical Characters concepts in motion p498
Organizing Life’s Diversity
amino acids and nucleotides are used to determine evolutionary relationships among species
DNA and RNA analyses are powerful tools for reconstructing phylogenies
Section 2
Organizing Life’s Diversity
The similar appearance of chromosomes among chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans suggests a shared ancestry.
Modern Classification
Section 2
Organizing Life’s DiversitySection 2
Cladistics reconstructs phylogenies based on shared characters.
ancestral character found within the entire line of descents
derived characters are present for one group line but not in common ancestor
Cladograms (concepts in motion p496)
the closer the clades the more shared characters
Kingdoms and Quiz (video p501)
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