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Slide 1Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Motivationand EmotionMotivationand Emotion
CHAPTER 6CHAPTER 6CHAPTER 6CHAPTER 6
LESSONSLESSONS
6.16.1 Theories of Motivation
6.26.2 Biological and Social Motives
6.36.3 Emotion
LESSONSLESSONS
6.16.1 Theories of Motivation
6.26.2 Biological and Social Motives
6.36.3 Emotion
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 2Chapter 6
LESSON 6.1LESSON 6.1
Theories of MotivationTheories of Motivation
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESDefine motivation.Compare and contrast internal push theories.Differentiate among external push theories.Understand Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
Slide 3Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
What is Motivation?What is Motivation?
Motivation is an inner state that energizes behavior toward a goal.
Slide 4Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Internal Push TheoriesInternal Push Theories
Instinct theoriesDrive-reduction theoryYerkes-Dodson Law
Slide 5Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Instinct TheoriesInstinct Theories
InstinctWilliam McDougallProblems with McDougall’s approach
Slide 6Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Drive-Reduction TheoryDrive-Reduction Theory
Homeostasis is the tendency to keep psychological systems internally balanced by adjusting them in response to change.
Drive-reduction theory is the idea that an imbalance in homeostasis creates a psychological need, which produces a drive that motivates the organism to satisfy the need.
Slide 7Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Figure 6-1Figure 6-1
Drive-Reduction TheoryDrive-Reduction Theory
Imbalance inhomeostasis
(chemical imbalanceof bodily fluids due to
deprivation)
Physiologicalneed
(for water orother fluids)
Drivethat providesmotivation tosatisfy need
Behavior(drinking fluids)
that satisfies needand reduces drive
Homeostasisrestored
Slide 8Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Yerkes-Dodson LawYerkes-Dodson Law
Yerkes-Dodson law is a theory that states individuals perform best when maintaining an intermediate level of sensory stimulation.
Slide 9Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Figure 6-2Figure 6-2
The Yerkes-Dodson LawThe Yerkes-Dodson Law
Slide 10Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
External Pull TheoriesExternal Pull Theories
Incentive theoryIntrinsic versus extrinsic motivation
Slide 11Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Incentive TheoryIncentive Theory
Incentive theory is a theory proposing that any stimulus that you think has either positive or negative outcomes for you will become an incentive for your behavior.
An incentive is a positive or negative stimulus in the environment that attracts or repels you.
Slide 12Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic MotivationIntrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation is the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.
Extrinsic motivation is the desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or the threats of punishment.
Slide 13Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Hierarchy of needs is Maslow’s ladder of human needs in which more basic psychological and safety needs must be satisfied before you are motivated to satisfy higher-level psychological needs.
Self-actualization - the ultimate goal of human growth is the realization of your full potential.
Slide 14Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Figure 6-3Figure 6-3
Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological needs(hunger, thirst, etc.)
Physiological needs(hunger, thirst, etc.)
Safety needs(security, predictability, etc.)
Safety needs(security, predictability, etc.)
Belongingness and love needs(intimacy, acceptance)
Belongingness and love needs(intimacy, acceptance)
Esteem needs(achievement, power, etc.)
Esteem needs(achievement, power, etc.)
Self-actualization needs(realization of one's full potential)
Self-actualization needs(realization of one's full potential)
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 15Chapter 6
LESSON 6.2LESSON 6.2
Biological and Social MotivesBiological and Social Motives
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESExamine hunger and eating.Define and interpret eating problems. Identify and differentiate between the need to
belong and the need to achieve.
Slide 16Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Hunger and EatingHunger and Eating
Internal ControlsExternal Controls
Slide 17Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Eating ProblemsEating Problems
Weight gainWeight loss
Slide 18Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Weight GainWeight Gain
Set point is a level of body weight that the body works to maintain.
Obesity is the excessive accumulation of body fat.
Slide 19Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Weight LossWeight Loss
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which a person weighs less than 85 percent of her or his expected weight but still expresses an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat.
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder in which a person engages in recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by drastic measures to remove the food calories from the body.
Slide 20Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Tips for Losing Excess PoundsTips for Losing Excess Poundsand Maintaining a Healthier Weight and Maintaining a Healthier Weight
Avoid fad dietsAvoid exposure to tempting food cuesEat “big” and healthy foodsExercise regularlyEat sensibly and slowlyReduce television viewing and
computer timeBe realistic and moderate
Slide 21Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
The Need to BelongThe Need to Belong
The need to belong is the need to interact with others and be socially acceptable.
It is also knows as the need for affiliation.
Slide 22Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
The Need to AchieveThe Need to Achieve
The need to achieve is a desire to overcome obstacles and meet high standards of excellence.
It is also knows as the need for achievement.
David McClellandDesire to succeedFear of failure
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 23Chapter 6
LESSON 6.3LESSON 6.3
EmotionEmotion
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES Identify and compare and contrast three theories of
emotion.Examine how emotions are communicated nonverbally.Assess culture, gender, and emotions. Identify two effective ways to manage anger.
Slide 24Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
EmotionsEmotions
Emotion is a positive or negative feeling state that typically includes some combination of physiological arousal, conscious experience, and expressive behavior.
Slide 25Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Emotions and Physiological ArousalEmotions and Physiological Arousal
Autonomic nervous system produces the body’s reactions associated with emotionsFight or flightEmotional fainting
Slide 26Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Figure 6-4Figure 6-4
The Dual Functions of the Autonomic The Dual Functions of the Autonomic Nervous SystemNervous System
Slide 27Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Two Early TheoriesTwo Early Theories
The James-Lange theory is a theory that emotion-provoking events induce specific physiological changes in the autonomic nervous system that your brain automatically interprets as specific emotions.
The Cannon-Bard theory is a theory that emotion-provoking events simultaneously induce both physiological responses and subjective states that are labeled as emotions.
Slide 28Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Figure 6-5Figure 6-5
Two Contrasting Theories of EmotionTwo Contrasting Theories of Emotion
Slide 29Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Emotions and Higher-Order ThinkingEmotions and Higher-Order Thinking
The two-factor theory is a theory that experiencing an emotion is often based on becoming physiologically aroused and then attaching a cognitive label to the arousal.
Slide 30Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Table 6-1Table 6-1
Three Theories of EmotionThree Theories of EmotionTheory Basic Assumptions
James-Lange Emotion-provoking events induce physiological reactions that then cause the subjective states we label as emotions.
Cannon-Bard Emotion-provoking events simultaneously induce physiological reactions and subjective states we label as emotions.
Two-factor Emotion-provoking events induce physiological reactions that increase arousal, which we then identify as a particular emotion based on the situation we are in.
Slide 31Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Communicating Emotions Communicating Emotions NonverballyNonverbally
Charles DarwinThe facial feedback hypothesis
proposes that specific facial expressions trigger the subjective experience of specific emotions.
Slide 32Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Culture, Gender, and EmotionsCulture, Gender, and Emotions
Social rules for expressing emotionsCollectivist and individualist culturesEncouraging or discouraging expression
of emotions
Slide 33Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Self-DiscoverySelf-Discovery
Seven Primary EmotionsSeven Primary Emotions
Slide 34Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Managing AngerManaging Anger
Anger is a normal, healthy emotionAnger can get out of control
Slide 35Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Two Effective Strategies for Two Effective Strategies for Managing AngerManaging Anger
Calm down angry feelingsChange the way you think
Slide 36Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 6Chapter 6
Clicker QuestionsClicker Questions
1.1. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which is the highest goal to achieve?
a.a. safety
b.b. self-actualization
c.c. esteem
d.d. belonging and love
Slide 37Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 6Chapter 6
Clicker QuestionsClicker Questions
2.2. Motivation is always determined by biology.
a.a. True
b.b. False
Slide 38Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 6Chapter 6
Clicker QuestionsClicker Questions
3.3. Which is not an external hunger cue?
a.a. low blood sugar
b.b. dishes clattering
c.c. smell of food
d.d. time of day
Slide 39Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 6Chapter 6
Clicker QuestionsClicker Questions
4.4. Which of the following is not considered a nonverbal expression of emotion?
a.a. body language
b.b. facial expression
c.c. stance
d.d. clothes
Slide 40Chapter 6
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 6Chapter 6
Clicker QuestionsClicker Questions
5.5. There is evidence that facial expressions can create emotions.
a.a. True
b.b. False
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