Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 1 Motivation and Emotion CHAPTER 6 LESSONS 6.1 6.1Theories of Motivation

Slide 1Chapter 6

© South-Western | Cengage Learning

A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY

Motivationand EmotionMotivationand Emotion

CHAPTER 6CHAPTER 6CHAPTER 6CHAPTER 6

LESSONSLESSONS

6.16.1 Theories of Motivation

6.26.2 Biological and Social Motives

6.36.3 Emotion

LESSONSLESSONS

6.16.1 Theories of Motivation

6.26.2 Biological and Social Motives

6.36.3 Emotion



Slide 2Chapter 6

LESSON 6.1LESSON 6.1

Theories of MotivationTheories of Motivation

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESDefine motivation.Compare and contrast internal push theories.Differentiate among external push theories.Understand Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

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What is Motivation?What is Motivation?

Motivation is an inner state that energizes behavior toward a goal.

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Internal Push TheoriesInternal Push Theories

Instinct theoriesDrive-reduction theoryYerkes-Dodson Law

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Instinct TheoriesInstinct Theories

InstinctWilliam McDougallProblems with McDougall’s approach

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Drive-Reduction TheoryDrive-Reduction Theory

Homeostasis is the tendency to keep psychological systems internally balanced by adjusting them in response to change.

Drive-reduction theory is the idea that an imbalance in homeostasis creates a psychological need, which produces a drive that motivates the organism to satisfy the need.

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Figure 6-1Figure 6-1

Drive-Reduction TheoryDrive-Reduction Theory

Imbalance inhomeostasis

(chemical imbalanceof bodily fluids due to

deprivation)

Physiologicalneed

(for water orother fluids)

Drivethat providesmotivation tosatisfy need

Behavior(drinking fluids)

that satisfies needand reduces drive

Homeostasisrestored

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Yerkes-Dodson LawYerkes-Dodson Law

Yerkes-Dodson law is a theory that states individuals perform best when maintaining an intermediate level of sensory stimulation.

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The Yerkes-Dodson LawThe Yerkes-Dodson Law

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External Pull TheoriesExternal Pull Theories

Incentive theoryIntrinsic versus extrinsic motivation

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Incentive TheoryIncentive Theory

Incentive theory is a theory proposing that any stimulus that you think has either positive or negative outcomes for you will become an incentive for your behavior.

An incentive is a positive or negative stimulus in the environment that attracts or repels you.

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Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic MotivationIntrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation is the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.

Extrinsic motivation is the desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or the threats of punishment.

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Hierarchy of needs is Maslow’s ladder of human needs in which more basic psychological and safety needs must be satisfied before you are motivated to satisfy higher-level psychological needs.

Self-actualization - the ultimate goal of human growth is the realization of your full potential.

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological needs(hunger, thirst, etc.)

Physiological needs(hunger, thirst, etc.)

Safety needs(security, predictability, etc.)

Safety needs(security, predictability, etc.)

Belongingness and love needs(intimacy, acceptance)

Belongingness and love needs(intimacy, acceptance)

Esteem needs(achievement, power, etc.)

Esteem needs(achievement, power, etc.)

Self-actualization needs(realization of one's full potential)

Self-actualization needs(realization of one's full potential)



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Biological and Social MotivesBiological and Social Motives

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESExamine hunger and eating.Define and interpret eating problems. Identify and differentiate between the need to

belong and the need to achieve.

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Hunger and EatingHunger and Eating

Internal ControlsExternal Controls

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Eating ProblemsEating Problems

Weight gainWeight loss

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Weight GainWeight Gain

Set point is a level of body weight that the body works to maintain.

Obesity is the excessive accumulation of body fat.

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Weight LossWeight Loss

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which a person weighs less than 85 percent of her or his expected weight but still expresses an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat.

Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder in which a person engages in recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by drastic measures to remove the food calories from the body.

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Tips for Losing Excess PoundsTips for Losing Excess Poundsand Maintaining a Healthier Weight and Maintaining a Healthier Weight

Avoid fad dietsAvoid exposure to tempting food cuesEat “big” and healthy foodsExercise regularlyEat sensibly and slowlyReduce television viewing and

computer timeBe realistic and moderate

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The Need to BelongThe Need to Belong

The need to belong is the need to interact with others and be socially acceptable.

It is also knows as the need for affiliation.

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The Need to AchieveThe Need to Achieve

The need to achieve is a desire to overcome obstacles and meet high standards of excellence.

It is also knows as the need for achievement.

David McClellandDesire to succeedFear of failure



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EmotionEmotion

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES Identify and compare and contrast three theories of

emotion.Examine how emotions are communicated nonverbally.Assess culture, gender, and emotions. Identify two effective ways to manage anger.

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EmotionsEmotions

Emotion is a positive or negative feeling state that typically includes some combination of physiological arousal, conscious experience, and expressive behavior.

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Emotions and Physiological ArousalEmotions and Physiological Arousal

Autonomic nervous system produces the body’s reactions associated with emotionsFight or flightEmotional fainting

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The Dual Functions of the Autonomic The Dual Functions of the Autonomic Nervous SystemNervous System

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Two Early TheoriesTwo Early Theories

The James-Lange theory is a theory that emotion-provoking events induce specific physiological changes in the autonomic nervous system that your brain automatically interprets as specific emotions.

The Cannon-Bard theory is a theory that emotion-provoking events simultaneously induce both physiological responses and subjective states that are labeled as emotions.

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Two Contrasting Theories of EmotionTwo Contrasting Theories of Emotion

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Emotions and Higher-Order ThinkingEmotions and Higher-Order Thinking

The two-factor theory is a theory that experiencing an emotion is often based on becoming physiologically aroused and then attaching a cognitive label to the arousal.

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Table 6-1Table 6-1

Three Theories of EmotionThree Theories of EmotionTheory Basic Assumptions

James-Lange Emotion-provoking events induce physiological reactions that then cause the subjective states we label as emotions.

Cannon-Bard Emotion-provoking events simultaneously induce physiological reactions and subjective states we label as emotions.

Two-factor Emotion-provoking events induce physiological reactions that increase arousal, which we then identify as a particular emotion based on the situation we are in.

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Communicating Emotions Communicating Emotions NonverballyNonverbally

Charles DarwinThe facial feedback hypothesis

proposes that specific facial expressions trigger the subjective experience of specific emotions.

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Culture, Gender, and EmotionsCulture, Gender, and Emotions

Social rules for expressing emotionsCollectivist and individualist culturesEncouraging or discouraging expression

of emotions

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Self-DiscoverySelf-Discovery

Seven Primary EmotionsSeven Primary Emotions

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Managing AngerManaging Anger

Anger is a normal, healthy emotionAnger can get out of control

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Two Effective Strategies for Two Effective Strategies for Managing AngerManaging Anger

Calm down angry feelingsChange the way you think

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Chapter 6Chapter 6

Clicker QuestionsClicker Questions

1.1. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which is the highest goal to achieve?

a.a. safety

b.b. self-actualization

c.c. esteem

d.d. belonging and love

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Chapter 6Chapter 6


2.2. Motivation is always determined by biology.

a.a. True

b.b. False

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Chapter 6Chapter 6


3.3. Which is not an external hunger cue?

a.a. low blood sugar

b.b. dishes clattering

c.c. smell of food

d.d. time of day

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Chapter 6Chapter 6


4.4. Which of the following is not considered a nonverbal expression of emotion?

a.a. body language

b.b. facial expression

c.c. stance

d.d. clothes

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Chapter 6Chapter 6


5.5. There is evidence that facial expressions can create emotions.

a.a. True

b.b. False

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Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 1 Motivation and Emotion CHAPTER 6 LESSONS 6.1 6.1Theories of Motivation