Chapter 3 Earth’s Structure and Materials and a few Chapter 2

Chapter 3 Earth’s Structure and Materials

and a few Chapter 2

What is the typical flow of the components that make up an information system?Chapter 2

Lithosphere

A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust.

Basalt

A dark, dense, igneous rock with fine texture, found in ocean crust.

Pressure

The force pushing on a surface divided by the area of that surface.

Granite

A usually light colored igneous rock that is found

in continental crust.

When scientific work conflicts with the beliefs of society and its leaders, a___________ can arise. Chapter 2

controversy

Inner Core

A dense sphere of solid iron and

nickel at the center of Earth.

MantleThe layer of hot, solid material between Earth’s

crust and core.

Galileo used his telescope to collect evidence that planets revolved around _______.Chapter 2

the sun the sun

Seismic Wave Vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the

energy released during an earthquake.

Outer Core

A layer of molten iron

and nickel that surrounds the inner core of

Earth.

Crust

The layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer surface.

TO DESCRIBE A ROCK’S TEXTURE, GEOLOGISTS DETERMINE WHAT THREE THINGS:

SIZE, SHAPE, AND THE PATTERN OF THE ROCK’S GRAIN

Radiation

The transfer of energy by electromagnetic

waves.

Conduction

The transfer of thermal energy from one particle of matter to another

GrainThe particles of minerals or other rocks that give a rock its texture.

Data and observations collected through

scientific processes are called_______ evidence.Chapter 2

empirical

DensityThe

measurement of how much mass of a substance is

contained in a given volume.

What are two useful metamorphic rocks?

Marble and slate

Convection

The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a fluid.

Rock-Forming Mineral

Any of the common minerals that make

up most of the rocks of Earth’s crust.

Asthenosphere

The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats.

Texture

The look and feel of a rock’s surface, determined by the size, shape and

pattern of a rocks grains.

Igneous Rock

A type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface.

The most abundant type of intrusive rock in the continental crust is:

Granite

Sediment Earth

materials deposited by

erosion.

Forms from sand on the beaches, ocean floor, river beds, and sand dunes.

SANDSTONE

CORRECT ORDER OF (STARTING FROM THE SURFACE) EARTH’S LAYERS.

CRUSTMANTLEOUTER COREINNER CORE

Metamorphic Rock

A type of rock that forms from an

existing rock that is changed by heat,

pressure, or chemical reaction.

Extrusive Rock Igneous rock that forms from lava on Earth’s surface

Scientists use ____________ to understand how systems work and to predict changes in a system.Chapter 2

models

What step in the rock cycle would be required to change granite into sandstone?

Granite Particles settle on the ocean floor.

Intrusive Rock

Igneous rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface.

Convection Current The movement of a fluid caused by differences in

temperature, that transfers heat from one part of a fluid to another.

Sedimentary Rock

A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together.

Weathering

The chemical and physical processes that break down rock and other substances.

Rock fragments with rounded edges form this rock

CONGLOMERATE

ErosionThe process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity

moves weathered particles of rock and soil.

DepositionProcess in

which sediment is laid down in

new locations.

Formed in the ocean where many living things, such as coral, clam and oysters have hard shells made of the mineral calcite.

Limestone

Clastic Rock Sedimentary rock that forms when rock

fragments are squeezed together under high pressure.

Compaction

The process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weight

Foliated

Term used to describe metamorphic rocks that have grains arranged in parallel layers or bands.

Rock Cycle

A series of processes on the surface and inside the Earth that slowly changes rocks from one

kind to another.

Future testing can still prove an accepted scientific _____________ to be incorrect. Chapter 2

theory

Forms from tiny particles of clay and water deposits the clay in thin flat layers

SHALE

Cementation

The process by which dissolved

minerals crystallized and glue particles of

sediment together into one

mass.

Organic Rock

Sedimentary rock that form from

remains or organisms

deposited in thick layers.

A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditionsChapter 2.

Scientific Law

Chemical Rock

Sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystallize from a solution

Holes drilled several kilometers in the Earth’s crust provide direct evidence about Earth’s interior in the form of

ROCK SAMPLES

Rock fragments with sharp edges form this rock.

BRECCIA