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Chapter 1
The Human Body: Anatomical Regions, Directions, and Body
Cavities
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
1. Gross anatomy and 2. Microscopic anatomy)
• Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery
1. Gross Anatomy• Regional – all structures in one part of the
body – Example: studying all structures in the
abdomen
• Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system– Example: studying the digestive system
• Surface – study of external features as they relate to the underlying features– Example: The jugular notch/ sternal angle can
help locate the second rib.
2. Microscopic Anatomy
• CytologyCytology – study of the cell– “cyto” means cell
• HistologyHistology – study of tissues– “histo” means tissue
Physiology
• Considers the operation of specific organ systems– Renal – kidney function– Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous
system– Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and
blood vessels
• Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level
Physiology
• Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics, which explains electrical currents, blood pressure, and the way muscle uses bone for movement
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules
1
2
3
4
Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules
Tissue levelTissues consist of similar types of cells
5 Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organ levelOrgans are made up of different types of tissues
6 Organismal levelThe human organism is made up of many organ systems
Atoms
Molecules
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Heart
Blood vessels
Cardiovascular system
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
Levels of Structural Organization
• ChemicalChemical – atoms combined to form molecules
• CellularCellular – cells are made of molecules• TissueTissue – consists of similar types of cells• OrganOrgan – made up of different types of
tissues• Organ systemOrgan system – consists of different
organs that work closely together• OrganismOrganism – made up of the organ
systems
Homeostasis• Homeostasis is the ability to
maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
• The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium
• Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis
Negative Feedback
• When a deviation from homeostasis occurs, the system makes the deviation smaller.
• Think of negative as opposite.
Positive Feedback
• When a deviation from homeostasis occurs, the system responds by making the deviation EVEN greater.
• Rare in healthy individuals. • Not enough blood to the heart? Your
heart will contract and move blood – but if you’ve LOST blood, the heart rate increases and pumps more. And you lose MORE blood, so the heart pumps more…etc. etc.
Anatomical Position
• Body erect • Feet slightly apart• Palms facing
forward • Thumbs point away
from body
• Right and Left are absolute.
Figure 1.7a
LEFTLEG
RIGHTLEG
Anatomical Position
• Body erect • Feet slightly apart• Palms facing
forward • Thumbs point away
from body
• PRONE is face down.• SUPINE is face up.
Figure 1.7a
LEFTLEG
RIGHTLEG
Directional Terms
• Superior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively
• Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body
• Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure
Directional Terms
• Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body
• Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface
Directional Terms Table 1.1
Directional Terms Table 1.1
Regional Terms: Anterior ViewIn your book: Page 11 Figure 1.8
Regional Terms: Posterior View
• Axial – head, neck, and trunk• Appendicular – appendages or limbs
Body Planes• Sagittal – divides the body into right
and left parts• Midsagittal or medial – sagittal
plane that lies on the midline• Frontal or coronal – divides the
body into anterior and posterior parts• Transverse or horizontal (cross
section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Body Planes
Body Planes Figure 1.8
Midsagittal section through
head
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