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Chap 5
F. Species Interactions: 1. Competition F. Species Interactions: 1. Competition
a. Intraspecific competition
- same species
b. Interspecific competition
-diff. species same resource
a. Intraspecific competition
- same species
b. Interspecific competition
-diff. species same resource
Fig. 7-8, p. 148
Resource Partitioning of Warbler Species
Resource Partitioning
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Species with similar resource requirements can coexist because they use limited resources at different times, in different ways, or in different places. For example, specialized feeding niches of various birds of coastal wetland enable coexistenceof many species.
Fig. 9–4a
c. Resource Partitioning and Niche Specialization
Fig. 7-7, p. 147
Species interactions-Symbiosis
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
Research Predation
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
Invasive species
Native species
Indicator species
Keystone species
Click to view animation.
f. Competitive Exclusion Principle
Gause's competition experiment interaction.
2. Species Interactions: Predation2. Species Interactions: Predation
Predator Predator
Prey Prey
c. Prey acquisition – 2 typesc. Prey acquisition – 2 types
d. Predator avoidanced. Predator avoidance
e. Defensee. Defense
Avoiding or Defending Against PredatorsAvoiding or Defending Against Predators
Escape Escape Senses Senses Armor Armor Camouflage Camouflage
Chemical warfare Chemical warfare
Warning coloration Warning coloration
Mimicry Mimicry
Safety in numbers Safety in numbers
Behavioral strategies Behavioral strategies
Avoidance Defense
Both
Span worm Bombardier beetle
Viceroy butterfly mimicsmonarch butterfly
Foul-tasting monarch butterfly
Poison dart frog When touched, the snake caterpillar changes shape to look like the head of a snake
Wandering leaf insect
Hind wings of io mothresemble eyes of a much larger animal
p. 169How Species Avoid Predators
3. Species Interactions: Parasitism 3. Species Interactions: Parasitism
Parasite Parasite
Host Host
Dangers of parasites Dangers of parasites
Importance of parasites Importance of parasites
4. Species Interactions: Mutualism4. Species Interactions: Mutualism
Pollination Pollination Nutritional Nutritional Gut inhabitantsGut inhabitantsProtectionRhizobium and legumes
ProtectionRhizobium and legumes
a. Examplesa. Examples
5. Species Interactions: Commensalism5. Species Interactions: Commensalism
Species interaction that benefits one and has little or no effect on the other
Species interaction that benefits one and has little or no effect on the other
SymbiosisSpecies 1
Sp.2
+ - 0
+
-
0
Mutualism& Synergism
Predation& Parasitism
Commensalism
Competition
Amensalism Neutralism
APES Chapter 5
Community Ecology Part 2
What is a bee’s niche?
YouTube - NATURE | Silence Of The Bees | Online Exclusive | PBS
Succession. Animation.
G. Ecological SuccessionG. Ecological Succession
Process in which communities of plant and animals species are replaced over time by a series of different communities
Enchanted Rock
Lichen-pioneer species
Two kinds of Succession1. Primary succession - begins with a lifeless area where
there is no soil (ex. bare rock). Soil formation begins with lichens or moss.
2. Secondary succession - begins in an area where the natural community has been disturbed, removed, or destroyed, but soil or bottom sediments remain.
1. Primary Succession
1. Primary Ecological Succession
Fig. 7-11 p. 152
Click here for animation
2. Secondary Ecological Succession
Fig. 7-12, p. 153
Succession3. Pioneer species
pioneer community4. Equilibrium species5. Successional species
= pioneer & equilibrium species
6. Climax species climax community
(Nu
mb
er
of
spe
cie
s)
Mechanisms of Succession
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Both primary and secondary succession are driven by three mechanisms:• facilitation: a process by which an earlier
successional species makes the environment suitable for later successional species; e.g., legumes fixing nitrogen can enable later successional species;
• inhibition: a process whereby one species hinders the establishment and growth of other species; e.g., shade of late successional trees inhibits the growth of early successional trees;
• tolerance: a process whereby later successional species are unaffected by earlier successional species.
6. Effects on Succession and Species Diversity
a. Disturbancea. Disturbance
b. Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
b. Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
Harvester ant mound
1000Percentage disturbance
Sp
ecie
s d
iver
sity
Fig. 7-13, p. 154
6 b. Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
7. How Predictable is Succession?
Climax communityClimax community
“Balance of nature”“Balance of nature”
Unpredictable struggleUnpredictable struggle
Ecologists’ viewsEcologists’ views
H. Ecological Stability and SustainabilityH. Ecological Stability and Sustainability
1. Stability1. Stability
2. Inertia2. Inertia
3. Persistence3. Persistence
4. Constancy4. Constancy
5. Resilience5. Resilience
6. Species diversity and ecosystem stability6. Species diversity and ecosystem stability
7. Precautionary principle7. Precautionary principle
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