Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life...

Ch. 3Cell Organization

Cells and Tissues

Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life

Cells are the building blocks of all living things

Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

Anatomy of the Cell

Cells are not all the same

All cells share general structures

All cells have three main regionsNucleusCytoplasmPlasma membrane

Figure 3.1a

The Nucleus

Function: Control center of the cellContains genetic material (DNA)

The Nucleus

Figure 3.1b

The Nucleus

Nuclear envelope (membrane) Structure: Consists of a double membraneFunction: Barrier of the nucleusContains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

Plasma Membrane

Structure: Double phospholipid layer

Hydrophilic headsHydrophobic tails

Function: regulate what goes into and out of cell

Plasma Membrane

Figure 3.2

CytoplasmDefinition: the material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

Contains three major elementsCytosol

Fluid that suspends other elementsOrganelles

Metabolic machinery of the cell “Little organs” that perform functions for the cell

InclusionsChemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products

Cytoplasmic Organelles

Figure 3.4

MitochondriaFunction: Cellular respiration, providing ATP for cellular energy “Powerhouses” of the cell

RibosomesStructure: Made of protein and RNAFunction: Sites of protein synthesisFound in two locations

Free in the cytoplasmAs part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Cytoplasmic OrganellesEndoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Structure: Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substancesTwo types of ER

Rough endoplasmic reticulumFunction: Synthesizes proteins

Smooth endoplasmic reticulumFunction: lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Figure 3.5

Ribosome

Protein

Protein insidetransport vesicle

Transportvesicle buds off

Rough ER

As the protein is synthesizedon the ribosome, it migratesinto the rough ER cistern.

In the cistern, the protein foldsinto its functional shape. Shortsugar chains may be attachedto the protein (forming aglycoprotein).

The protein is packaged in atiny membranous sac called atransport vesicle.

The transport vesicle buds fromthe rough ER and travels to theGolgi apparatus for furtherprocessing or goes directly tothe plasma membrane where itscontents are secreted.

Figure 3.5, step 1

Ribosome

Protein

Rough ER

Figure 3.5, step 2

Ribosome

Protein

Rough ER

Figure 3.5, step 3

Ribosome

Protein

Rough ER

Figure 3.5, step 4

Ribosome

Protein

Protein insidetransport vesicle

Rough ER

The transport vesicle buds fromthe rough ER and travels to theGolgi apparatus for furtherprocessing or goes directly tothe plasma membrane where itscontents are secreted.

Golgi apparatusFunction: Modifies and packages proteinsProduces different types of packages

Secretory vesiclesCell membrane componentsLysosomes

Figure 3.6

Extracellular fluid

Plasma membrane

Golgi vesicle containingmembrane componentsfuses with the plasmamembrane

Golgi vesicle containingdigestive enzymesbecomes a lysosome

Proteins in cisterna

Lysosome fuses withingested substances

Membrane

Transportvesicle

Pathway 3

Pathway 2

Secretory vesicles Pathway 1

Golgiapparatus

Golgi vesicle containingproteins to be secretedbecomes a secretoryvesicle

Cisterna

Rough ER

Proteins

Secretion byexocytosis

Figure 3.6, step 1

Extracellular fluid

Plasma membrane

Membrane

Golgiapparatus

Cisterna

Rough ER

Figure 3.6, step 2

Extracellular fluid

Plasma membrane

Membrane

Transportvesicle

Golgiapparatus

Cisterna

Rough ER

Pathway 1

Figure 3.6, step 3

Extracellular fluid

Plasma membrane

Membrane

Transportvesicle

Golgiapparatus

Cisterna

Rough ER

Pathway 1

Figure 3.6, step 4

Extracellular fluid

Plasma membrane

Membrane

Transportvesicle

Secretory vesicle Pathway 1

Golgiapparatus

Cisterna

Rough ER

Figure 3.6, step 5

Extracellular fluid

Plasma membrane

Membrane

Transportvesicle

Golgiapparatus

Cisterna

Rough ER

Proteins

Figure 3.6, step 6

Extracellular fluid

Plasma membrane

Membrane

Transportvesicle

Pathway 2Golgiapparatus

Cisterna

Rough ER

Figure 3.6, step 7

Extracellular fluid

Plasma membrane

Membrane

Transportvesicle

Cisterna

Rough ER

Figure 3.6, step 8

Extracellular fluid

Plasma membrane

Membrane

Transportvesicle

Cisterna

Rough ER

Figure 3.6, step 9

Extracellular fluid

Plasma membrane

Membrane

Transportvesicle

Pathway 3

Golgiapparatus

Cisterna

Rough ER

Figure 3.6, step 10

Extracellular fluid

Plasma membrane

Membrane

Transportvesicle

Pathway 3

Golgiapparatus

Cisterna

Rough ER

Figure 3.6, step 11

Extracellular fluid

Plasma membrane

Membrane

Transportvesicle

Pathway 3

Golgiapparatus

Cisterna

Rough ER

Figure 3.6, step 12

Extracellular fluid

Plasma membrane

Membrane

Transportvesicle

Pathway 3

Pathway 2

Golgiapparatus

Cisterna

Rough ER

Proteins

LysosomesFunction: Contain enzymes that digest worn-out or non-usable materials within the cell

CytoskeletonFunction: Provides the cell with an internal framework

Figure 3.7a

Cell Diversity

Figure 3.8a

Cell Diversity

Figure 3.8b

Cell Diversity

Figure 3.8c

Cell Diversity

Figure 3.8d

Cell Diversity

Figure 3.8e

Cell Diversity

Figure 3.8f

Cell Diversity

Figure 3.8g

Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life...

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