Ch. 3Cell Organization

Cells and Tissues• Carry out all ___________________ needed

to sustain life• Cells are the _______________ of all living

things• ___________ are groups of cells that are

similar in structure and function

Anatomy of the Cell• _______ are not all the same• All cells share __________________• All cells have three main regions–___________–____________–_________________

Figure 3.1a

The Nucleus• Function: _____________________–Contains genetic material (DNA)

The Nucleus

Figure 3.1b

The Nucleus• Nuclear envelope (membrane) – Structure: Consists of a

_________________– Function: _____________________–Contains _______________ that allow for

exchange of material with the rest of the cell

Plasma Membrane• Structure: Double phospholipid layer–_______________ heads–_______________ tails

• Function: regulate what goes ______ and ____________ cell

Plasma Membrane

Figure 3.2

Cytoplasm• Definition: the material outside the ___________ and

inside the __________________• Contains three major elements– __________• Fluid that suspends other elements

– _____________• Metabolic machinery of the cell • “Little organs” that perform functions for the cell

– ________________• Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell

products

Cytoplasmic Organelles

Figure 3.4

Cytoplasmic Organelles• Mitochondria– Function: _______________, providing

_____ for cellular energy – “Powerhouses” of the cell

Cytoplasmic Organelles• Ribosomes– Structure: Made of _______ and ______– Function: Sites of _______________– Found in two locations• Free in the ___________• As part of the rough endoplasmic

reticulum

Cytoplasmic Organelles• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)– Structure: Fluid-filled ____________ for

carrying substances– Two types of ER• _________ endoplasmic reticulum–Function: _____________________

• __________endoplasmic reticulum–Function: _______________and

__________________ of drugs and pesticides

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Figure 3.5

Ribosome

Protein

Protein insidetransport vesicle

Transportvesicle buds off

mRNA

Rough ER

As the protein is synthesizedon the ribosome, it migratesinto the rough ER cistern.

In the cistern, the protein foldsinto its functional shape. Shortsugar chains may be attachedto the protein (forming aglycoprotein).

The protein is packaged in atiny membranous sac called atransport vesicle.

The transport vesicle buds fromthe rough ER and travels to theGolgi apparatus for furtherprocessing or goes directly tothe plasma membrane where itscontents are secreted.

Cytoplasmic Organelles• Golgi apparatus– Function: __________ and __________

proteins–Produces different types of packages• ___________ vesicles• ________________ components• _____________

Figure 3.6Extracellular fluid

Plasma membrane

Golgi vesicle containingmembrane componentsfuses with the plasmamembrane

Golgi vesicle containingdigestive enzymesbecomes a lysosome

Proteins in cisterna

Lysosome fuses withingested substancesMembrane

Transportvesicle

Pathway 3

Pathway 2

Secretory vesicles Pathway 1

Golgiapparatus

Golgi vesicle containingproteins to be secretedbecomes a secretoryvesicle

Cisterna

Rough ER

Proteins

Secretion byexocytosis

Cytoplasmic Organelles• Lysosomes– Function: Contain ___________ that digest

worn-out or non-usable ____________ within the cell

Cytoplasmic Organelles• Cytoskeleton– Function: Provides the cell with an

________________________

Figure 3.7a

Cell Diversity

Figure 3.8a

Cell Diversity

Figure 3.8b

Cell Diversity

Figure 3.8c

Cell Diversity

Figure 3.8d

Cell Diversity

Figure 3.8e

Cell Diversity

Figure 3.8f

Cell Diversity

Figure 3.8g