Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Disease

Types Of Cardiovascular Disease

O AtherosclerosisO Coronary heart disease (CHD)O Chest pain (angina pectoris)O Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)O Congestive heart failure (CHF)O Congenital and rheumatic heart

diseaseO Stroke

Percentage Breakdown of Deaths from Cardiovascular Disease in the United States,

2001

Cardiovascular DiseaseO Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the

leading cause of death in the U.S.O In 2005 CVD accounted for approximately

38 percent of all deathsO CVD has been the number one killer in

the U.S. since 1900 except for 1918 (influenza)

O More that 2,500 Americans die from CVD each day

O Among women, 1 in 2.6 deaths from CVD

Prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases in American Men and Women, Ages 20 and Older

Cardiac TriviaO Heart contracts 100,000 times per

day

ArtherosclerosisO Characterized by deposits of fatty

substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin in the inner lining of the artery

O Hyperlipidemia – abnormally high blood lipid level

O Plaque – the buildup of deposits in the arteries

Coronary Heart Disease

O Myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack – blood supplying the heart is disrupted

O Coronary thrombosis – blood clot in the artery

O Embolus – when the blood clot is dislodged and moves through the circulatory system

O Ischemia – reduction of the heart’s blood and oxygen supply

O The more serious the oxygen deprivation the more severe the pain

O Drugs Used to Treat anginaO Nitroglycerin – drug used to relax

(dilate) the veins(vasodilator)O Beta blockers lower the heart rate

Angina Pectoris

ArrhythmiasO An irregularity in heart rhythm

O 3 TypesO Tachycardia – racing heart in the

absence of exercise or anxietyO Bradycardia – abnormally slow

heartbeatO Fibrillation – heart beat is sporadic,

quivering patter

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

O Damaged or overworked heart muscle is unable to keep blood circulating normally

O Affects over 5 million AmericansO Damage to heart muscle may result

from: rheumatic fever, pneumonia, heart attack, or other cardiovascular problem

O Lack of proper circulation may allow blood to accumulate in the vessels of the legs, ankles, or lungs

O Diuretics relieve fluid accumulation

STROKEO Occurs when the blood supply to the

brain is interruptedO Thrombus – blood clotO Embolus – free flowing clotO Aneurysm – bulging or burst blood

vesselO Transient ischemic attack (TIA) –

brief interruptions that cause temporary impairment

Common Blood Vessel Disorders

Congenital And Rheumatic Heart Disease

O Congenital heart disease affects 1 out of 125 children born

O May be due to hereditary factors, maternal diseases, or chemical intake (alcohol) during fetal development

O Rheumatic heart disease results from rheumatic fever which affects connective tissue

Congenital Heart defects

O Present at birthO Examples: O 1. patent ductus arteriosusO 2. atrial septal defectO 3. ventral septal defectO 4. Tetralogy of Fallot

Diagnosing heart disease

O Electrocardiogram (ECG)O AngiographyO Cardiac catheterizationO Cardiac EnzymesO Radionuclide imagingO EchocardiographyO Stress test

Treatment for Cardiovascular Diseases

O Surgical O PharmacologicalO Electrical

Angioplasty(PCTA)O Angioplasty is a procedure to restore blood flow

through the artery.

O You have angioplasty in a hospital. The doctor threads a thin tube through a blood vessel in the arm or groin up through the blocked artery or arteries. The catheter has a balloon on the tip which is inflated to flatten the fatty deposits against the wall of the artery

O This widens the artery and restores blood flow.

O Many people go home the day after angioplasty, and are able to return to work within a week of coming home.

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft(CABG)

O The surgery creates a new path for blood to flow to the heart. The surgeon takes a healthy piece of vein from the leg or artery from the chest or wrist. Then the surgeon attaches it to the coronary artery, just above and below the narrowed area or blockage. This allows blood to bypass (get around) the blockage..

Thrombolytic Therapy/Stroke TreatmentO If victim reaches an emergency room

and is diagnosed quickly, thrombolysis can be performed

O Thrombolysis involves injecting drugs, such as tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) to dissolve the clot and restore some blood flow

Pacemaker Implantation

O Electrical device that controls the beating of the heart by a series of rhythmic electric impulses; Can be internal or external

Intracoronary Artery Stent

OPlacement of a stent(tube) within a coronary artery to treat coronary ischemia due to atherosclerosis

Heart Transplantation

OReplacement of a diseased or malfunctioning heart with a donor’s heart.

Pharmacological Treatment

O Antiarrhythmic drugsO Anticoagulants – prevent blood clot

formationO Antilipidemics- O Diuretics-O Vasoconstrictors-O Vasodilators-

Emergency TreatmentsO Cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CBR)-

used if someone is in cardiac arrest

O Defibrillation- procedure that converts irregular heartbeats, by giving electric shocks to the heart. Also called cardioversion.

Reducing Your Risk For Cardiovascular Disease

O Risks you CAN control

O Avoid tobaccoO Cut back on saturated fat and cholesterolO Maintain a healthy weightO Modify dietary habitsO Exercise regularlyO Control diabetesO Control blood pressureO Manage Stress

Reducing Your Risk For Cardiovascular Diseases

O Risks you CANNOT control

O HeredityO AgeO GenderO Race