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Con
cept
ual M
odel
Exa
mpl
e: R
Q 0
1
0
2,00
0
4,00
0
6,00
0
8,00
0
10,000
12,000
050
100
Artesian flow rate (sm3/d)
Years
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
Case1
case2
Case3
Case4
Case5
Case6
H2O PROD / CO2INJ (w/w)
Intr
oduc
tion
Au
stra
lia h
as a
bund
ant d
eep
fresh
grou
ndw
ater
aqu
ifers
ons
hore
(e.g
. Th
e G
reat
Arte
sian
Bas
in).
Thes
e aq
uife
rs a
re e
xper
ienc
ing
wat
er le
vel
decl
ine
due
to e
xtra
ctio
n ov
er ~
100
year
s [a
] .Inj
ectin
g C
O2
in d
eple
ting
grou
ndw
ater
aqu
ifers
may
:-B
oost
the
pres
sure
to li
ft de
clin
ing
wat
er le
vels
ove
r the
bro
ad re
gion
s;-D
ispl
ace
deep
wat
er to
sha
llow
er re
gion
s, m
akin
g it
acce
ssib
le;
-Red
uce
CO
2em
issi
ons.
CR
ICO
S Pr
ovid
er N
umbe
r 000
25B
Res
earc
h Q
uest
ions
Enha
nced
Wat
er R
ecov
ery
(EW
R) m
ay b
e be
nefic
ial,
but a
lso
rais
es c
once
rns:
RQ
01:
Can
the
pres
sure
bui
ld-u
p in
crea
se w
ater
leve
ls a
t gre
at d
ista
nce?
In w
hat
time
fram
e? F
or h
ow lo
ng?
RQ
02:
Doe
s di
spla
ced
wat
er fr
om g
reat
er d
epth
add
to s
hallo
w w
ater
sup
ply?
Doe
s m
ixin
g w
ater
of d
iffer
ent c
ompo
sitio
ns le
ad to
wat
er d
egra
datio
n at
ext
ract
ion
site
s?R
Q 0
3: H
ow m
uch
wat
er lo
ses
qual
ity w
hen
decr
easi
ng p
H (p
roxy
for c
hem
ical
ch
ange
s) a
s a
resu
lt of
CO
2re
actin
g w
ith w
ater
?
PhD
Can
dida
te: X
iaol
ing
Li1
[xia
olin
g.li@
uq.e
du.a
u]. S
uper
viso
rs: S
uzan
ne H
urte
r2, 3
, Jim
Und
ersc
hultz
4&
Ayr
ton
Rib
eiro
11 T
he U
nive
rsity
of Q
ueen
slan
d Sc
hool
of E
arth
and
Env
ironm
enta
l Sci
ence
s 2 T
he U
nive
rsity
of Q
ueen
slan
d C
entr
e fo
r Coa
l Sea
m G
as 3
UQ
Ene
rgiS
imul
atio
n In
dust
rial R
esea
rch
Cha
ir4 T
he U
nive
rsity
of Q
ueen
slan
d En
ergy
Initi
ativ
e
Car
bon
Stor
age
in D
eple
ting
Gro
undw
ater
Aqu
ifers
: A S
olut
ion
to W
ater
Stre
ss?
Met
hodo
logy
Inte
grat
ed m
odel
ling
(geo
logi
cal m
odel
ling,
m
ultip
hase
mul
ticom
pone
nt fl
ow m
odel
ling
and
geoc
hem
ical
mod
ellin
g) to
est
ablis
h th
e pr
essu
re fo
otpr
int,
the
pH fo
otpr
int a
nd
the
impa
ct o
f car
bon
stor
age
on fr
eshw
ater
aq
uife
r res
ourc
e av
aila
bilit
y an
d de
grad
atio
n.
0 m
-800
m
-150
0 m
-200
0 m
WL
B
*Not
to s
cale
WL
A
Con
cept
of C
O2
inje
ctio
n an
d st
orag
e co
mbi
ned
with
En
hanc
ed W
ater
Rec
over
y (E
WR
).
Ackn
owle
dgem
ents
This
rese
arch
is s
uppo
rted
by T
he U
nive
rsity
of Q
ueen
slan
d Su
rat D
eep
Aqui
fer P
roje
ct (U
Q-S
DAA
P), w
hich
is fu
nded
by
the
Aust
ralia
n G
over
nmen
t, C
oal 2
1 (A
CAL
ET) a
nd T
he U
nive
rsity
of Q
ueen
slan
d. S
chlu
mbe
rger
and
CM
G L
td h
ave
prov
ided
mod
ellin
g so
ftwar
e.A
rese
arch
sc
hola
rshi
p is
pro
vide
d by
Ene
rgiS
imul
aton
and
The
Uni
vers
ity o
f Que
ensl
and
Ref
eren
ces
[a] S
mer
don
B, R
ansl
eyT,
Rad
keB,
Kel
lett
J (2
012)
Wat
er re
sour
ce a
sses
smen
t for
the
Gre
at A
rtesi
an B
asin
. A re
port
to th
e Au
stra
lian
Gov
ernm
ent f
rom
the
CSI
RO
Gre
at A
rtesi
an B
asin
Wat
er R
esou
rce
Asse
ssm
ent.
AB
A: C
O2
inje
ctio
n B:
Wat
er e
xtra
ctio
n A-
B:10
km
aw
ay
Acce
ssib
le w
ater
thro
ugh
arte
sian
flow
wel
l
C
lose
d bo
unda
ry p
rodu
ces
high
er a
rtesi
an fl
ow ra
te (C
ase
2);
An
y ge
olog
ical
feat
ures
that
def
er th
e up
war
d flo
w o
f CO
2ar
e be
nefic
ial
for i
mpr
ovin
g w
ater
reco
very
(Cas
e 1
& C
ase
6)
Less
Kv/K
hco
ntra
st &
ope
ning
bou
ndar
y in
dica
te le
ss d
ispl
acem
ent o
f w
ater
& fa
st m
igra
tion
of C
O2
(Cas
e 3,
4&
5).W
hat a
bout
a lo
ng m
igra
tion
path
(e.g
.300
km
) & it
stru
ctur
ally
cro
ps o
ut (e
.g. P
reci
pice
Sst
)?
Expl
orat
ory
Cas
e St
udy
•Ba
sin-
scal
e in
the
Gre
at A
rtesi
an B
asin
•Pr
essu
re m
onito
ring
& w
ater
reco
very
vol
ume
•W
ater
qua
lity
quan
tific
atio
n
UQ
-CC
SG A
nnua
l Res
earc
h R
evie
wC
entr
e fo
r Coa
l Sea
m G
as
2018
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