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CHAPTER 19SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY:THE UNITED STATES AND WORLD WAR I, 1916–1920
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 19.3 Colonial Possessions, 1900
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 19.1 The United States in The Caribbean, 1898-1934
AN ERA OF INTERVENTION
“I Took the Canal Zone” Helped in Panamanian independence from
Colombia (1904) Panama Canal finished in 1914
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 19.2 The Panama Canal Lone
AN ERA OF INTERVENTION
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine International police power in Western
hemisphere Dominican Republic & Cuba
Taft – “Dollar Diplomacy” Shaping foreign economies Honduras, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, and
Liberia
AN ERA OF INTERVENTION: WILSON
William Jennings Bryan – Sec of State Anti-imperialist
Against “Dollar Diplomacy” Moral/Ethical Imperialism Wilson and Mexico
1911 Revolution to overthrew dictatorship Military leader Huerta assassinated Madero Ordered troops to apprehend Pancho Villa, who
had killed Americans.
Serb patriot killed heir to the Austria-Hungary throne Germany and Austria-Hungary sent message to
Serbia Serbia backed by Russia set eyes on Germany Germany attacked France through Belgium Great Britain joined with France
EUROPE CONFLICT
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Gavrilo Princip
EUROPE BEFORE WWI
AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR
New technology/increased death Submarines, airplanes, machine guns, tanks and
poison gas 10 million soldiers dead
Neutrality Both sides wanted help J.P. Morgan - $2.3 billion to allied powers Only traded with allied powers (British blockade) America divided
Passenger ship Sank off of Ireland on May 7, 1915 1,198 killed (128 Americans) Germans argued ship carried ammunition
HMS LUSITANIA
Warning to Germany Agreed in 1915 to not sink unarmed ships
without warning Violated with sinking of Sussex in 1916 Sussex ultimatum
Germany would not attack passenger ships Accepted by Wilson
U.S. would help to remove British blockade Not agreed upon
WILSON’S REACTION
Wilson: “He Kept us Out of War” Republican’s nominate Hughes
Pro-business; attacked Wilson’s foreign policy
ELECTION OF 1916
January 22, 1917 Neutral rights “Peace without victory”
WOODROW WILSON
January 31, 1917 – unrestricted submarine warfare
Wilson still wanted peace March 1, 1917 - Zimmerman note
German-Mexican alliance Recovery of TX, NM, and AZ
4 unarmed US ships sunk in March
MOVE TO WAR
BHCCCC
Declared on April 6th, 1917 “to make the world safe for democracy”
WAR!!
THE 14 POINTS Reliance on open diplomacy rather than secret agreements. Freedom of the seas. Free trade. Disarmament. Adjudication of colonial claims with respect for the sovereignty
of the colonial peoples. Assistance for Russia. Respect for the integrity of Belgium. Restoration of French territories. Adjustment of the border of Italy based on ethnicity. Autonomy for the peoples of Austria-Hungary. Guarantees for the independence of the various Balkan states. Self-determination for the peoples of the Ottoman Empire and
free passage through the Dardanelles. Independence for Poland. The formation of a League of Nations to guarantee
independence for all countries, large and small.
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 19.4 World War I: The Western Front
Surrendered on November 11, 1918 Along 14 points
US main contributions, foodstuffs, munitions, credits, oil, and manpower. ◦ Only fought 2 major battles, at St. Mihiel and
the Meuse-Argonne. ◦ The prospect of endless U.S. troops, rather than
America's actual military performance eventually demoralized the Germans.
Treaty of Versailles
GERMAN DEFEAT
THE WAR AT HOME
Progressives Supported War Spreading of values
The Wartime State Selective Service Act – draft Army: 5 million men War Industries Board – production of goods Increased wages and working conditions
Created by George Creel Mobilize people for war “four minute men” – patriotic speeches Posters, pamphlets, and movies
COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION
THE WAR AT HOME
Woman’s Suffrage Heavily supported war effort Shift to protests 19th amendment (1920)
Prohibition “Americanization” 18th amendment (1920)
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 19.5 Prohibition, 1915
The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 ◦ Eugene V. Debs convicted under the Espionage
Act. Schenck v. United States (1919): freedom of
speech could be revoked when such speech posed a danger to the nation.
Race Problem Immigrant groups included Eugenics
LACK OF FREEDOM
WHO IS AN AMERICAN?
Americanization The Melting Pot 1908 Assimilation or persecution 8 million German-Americans
All things German banned
IMMIGRATION RESTRICTIONS
Immigrants must be literate Except Mexicans
Sterilizing of mentally ill Puerto Rico
Required to sign up for draft No representation
Gentleman’s Agreement (1907) Limited Japanese immigration
AFRICAN AMERICANS
Roosevelt: “unfit to exercise the suffrage” Wilson: Racial segregation in D.C.
Birth of a Nation Glorified KKK
W. E. B. Du Bois The Souls of Black Folk Niagara movement NAACP
WHO IS AN AMERICAN?
Great Migration African Americans move north (1/2 million)
Racial Violence Riots in St. Louis and Chicago OK: 300 killed after trying to stop lynching
The Rise of Garveyism Marcus Garvey Independence and self reliance
1919
Communist Russia (USSR) Nationalistic movements Red Scare Wilson refused to recognize
Upheaval in America Rise in strikes
Seattle shipyard strike Boston police
Coolidge fired entire force
THE GREAT STEEL STRIKE OF 1919
Chicago 365,000 immigrant workers Nativism defeated strike
Blamed communism, IWW and disloyalty
1919
Versailles Treaty Held in secret League of Nations New countries Colonial independence not fully given France occupied iron and coal-rich areas of
Germany Limits on Germany (military & reparations) US rejected Versailles treaty
MOVING FORWARD
US not joining League of Nations would lead to its demise
Isolationism Harding elected in 1920
America first From Progressivism to Conservatism “Return to Normalcy”
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