CHAPTER 19SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY:THE UNITED STATES AND WORLD WAR I, 1916–1920

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 19.3 Colonial Possessions, 1900

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 19.1 The United States in The Caribbean, 1898-1934

AN ERA OF INTERVENTION

“I Took the Canal Zone” Helped in Panamanian independence from

Colombia (1904) Panama Canal finished in 1914

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 19.2 The Panama Canal Lone

AN ERA OF INTERVENTION

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine International police power in Western

hemisphere Dominican Republic & Cuba

Taft – “Dollar Diplomacy” Shaping foreign economies Honduras, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, and

Liberia

AN ERA OF INTERVENTION: WILSON

William Jennings Bryan – Sec of State Anti-imperialist

Against “Dollar Diplomacy” Moral/Ethical Imperialism Wilson and Mexico

1911 Revolution to overthrew dictatorship Military leader Huerta assassinated Madero Ordered troops to apprehend Pancho Villa, who

had killed Americans.

Serb patriot killed heir to the Austria-Hungary throne Germany and Austria-Hungary sent message to

Serbia Serbia backed by Russia set eyes on Germany Germany attacked France through Belgium Great Britain joined with France

EUROPE CONFLICT

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Gavrilo Princip

EUROPE BEFORE WWI

AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR

New technology/increased death Submarines, airplanes, machine guns, tanks and

poison gas 10 million soldiers dead

Neutrality Both sides wanted help J.P. Morgan - $2.3 billion to allied powers Only traded with allied powers (British blockade) America divided

Passenger ship Sank off of Ireland on May 7, 1915 1,198 killed (128 Americans) Germans argued ship carried ammunition

HMS LUSITANIA

Warning to Germany Agreed in 1915 to not sink unarmed ships

without warning Violated with sinking of Sussex in 1916 Sussex ultimatum

Germany would not attack passenger ships Accepted by Wilson

U.S. would help to remove British blockade Not agreed upon

WILSON’S REACTION

Wilson: “He Kept us Out of War” Republican’s nominate Hughes

Pro-business; attacked Wilson’s foreign policy

ELECTION OF 1916

January 22, 1917 Neutral rights “Peace without victory”

WOODROW WILSON

January 31, 1917 – unrestricted submarine warfare

Wilson still wanted peace March 1, 1917 - Zimmerman note

German-Mexican alliance Recovery of TX, NM, and AZ

4 unarmed US ships sunk in March

MOVE TO WAR

BHCCCC

Declared on April 6th, 1917 “to make the world safe for democracy”

WAR!!

THE 14 POINTS Reliance on open diplomacy rather than secret agreements. Freedom of the seas. Free trade. Disarmament. Adjudication of colonial claims with respect for the sovereignty

of the colonial peoples. Assistance for Russia. Respect for the integrity of Belgium. Restoration of French territories. Adjustment of the border of Italy based on ethnicity. Autonomy for the peoples of Austria-Hungary. Guarantees for the independence of the various Balkan states. Self-determination for the peoples of the Ottoman Empire and

free passage through the Dardanelles. Independence for Poland. The formation of a League of Nations to guarantee

independence for all countries, large and small.

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 19.4 World War I: The Western Front

Surrendered on November 11, 1918 Along 14 points

US main contributions, foodstuffs, munitions, credits, oil, and manpower. ◦ Only fought 2 major battles, at St. Mihiel and

the Meuse-Argonne. ◦ The prospect of endless U.S. troops, rather than

America's actual military performance eventually demoralized the Germans.

 Treaty of Versailles

GERMAN DEFEAT

THE WAR AT HOME

Progressives Supported War Spreading of values

The Wartime State Selective Service Act – draft Army: 5 million men War Industries Board – production of goods Increased wages and working conditions

Created by George Creel Mobilize people for war “four minute men” – patriotic speeches Posters, pamphlets, and movies

COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION

THE WAR AT HOME

Woman’s Suffrage Heavily supported war effort Shift to protests 19th amendment (1920)

Prohibition “Americanization” 18th amendment (1920)

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 19.5 Prohibition, 1915

The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 ◦ Eugene V. Debs convicted under the Espionage

Act.  Schenck v. United States (1919): freedom of

speech could be revoked when such speech posed a danger to the nation.

Race Problem Immigrant groups included Eugenics

LACK OF FREEDOM

WHO IS AN AMERICAN?

Americanization The Melting Pot 1908 Assimilation or persecution 8 million German-Americans

All things German banned

IMMIGRATION RESTRICTIONS

Immigrants must be literate Except Mexicans

Sterilizing of mentally ill Puerto Rico

Required to sign up for draft No representation

Gentleman’s Agreement (1907) Limited Japanese immigration

AFRICAN AMERICANS

Roosevelt: “unfit to exercise the suffrage” Wilson: Racial segregation in D.C.

Birth of a Nation Glorified KKK

W. E. B. Du Bois The Souls of Black Folk Niagara movement NAACP

WHO IS AN AMERICAN?

Great Migration African Americans move north (1/2 million)

Racial Violence Riots in St. Louis and Chicago OK: 300 killed after trying to stop lynching

The Rise of Garveyism Marcus Garvey Independence and self reliance

1919

Communist Russia (USSR) Nationalistic movements Red Scare Wilson refused to recognize

Upheaval in America Rise in strikes

Seattle shipyard strike Boston police

Coolidge fired entire force

THE GREAT STEEL STRIKE OF 1919

Chicago 365,000 immigrant workers Nativism defeated strike

Blamed communism, IWW and disloyalty

1919

Versailles Treaty Held in secret League of Nations New countries Colonial independence not fully given France occupied iron and coal-rich areas of

Germany Limits on Germany (military & reparations) US rejected Versailles treaty

MOVING FORWARD

US not joining League of Nations would lead to its demise

Isolationism Harding elected in 1920

America first From Progressivism to Conservatism “Return to Normalcy”