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Royal Botanic Garden1st Annual Scientific Day
Thursday January 12, 2012Amman, Jordan
By
ADI SAID, Ph.D.
adisaid@rss.jo
Researcher Name Responsibility Institute
Research Team
Adi Said, Ph.D.PI-researcher RSS / Knowledge
Analytical / Bioanalytical
Amjad El-Sheikh, Ph.D.Co-researcher (1) Hashemite University/ Chemistry
Analytical and Environmental
Ayoup Ghrair, Ph.D. Co-researcher (2) RSS / Knowledge
Geochemist
Majid Zeki Hameed, Ph.D.Co-researcher (3) RSS / Knowledge
Material Science
Shamil Habet, Eng.Co-researcher (4) RSS / Building Institute
Civil Engineer
Ayman Ghamoh, Eng.Co-researcher (5) RSS / Knowledge
Mechanical Engineer
Research assistantResearch assistant RSS / Knowledge
USA Counterpart
Alan W. Gertler , Ph.D Counterpart
System of Higher Education
Clean Technologies and Renewable
Energy
alan.gertler@dri.edu
Introduction
Water and wastewater management is a continuing problem in many countries of the world.
The problem is relatively more acute (141.9 liter/day) in Jordan, because of the need to conserve and reuse water resources.
Introduction
The majority of wastewater treatment
plants in the country generate
relatively huge amounts of Class B
biosolids (total 26 plants)
About (300,000 m3/year) of liquid
sludge
About (11,000 m3/year) of dewatered
biosolids
Introduction
Treated domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater create nearly all of the summer flow, discharged through the Zarqa River to King Talal Dam (KTD).
Therefore, any pollution in the river will lead to pollution in the dam water and its sediments.
فأوقد لي يا هامان على }{الطين فاجعل لي صرحا
سورة القصص
{Then ignite for me, O Haman, [a fire] upon the clay and make for me a tower.} Surat Al-Qaşaş
Chemical Analysis of the Dried
Sediment Sample Conducted by
XRF and Gravimetric TechniquesElements Result (%)
SiO2 39.47
Al2O3 9.01
Fe2O3 3.52
TiO2 0.60
P2O5 0.88
CaO 20.47
MgO 1.72
Na2O 0.39
K2O 0.81
Heat of
combustion
75 cal/g
Free water 4.17
Combined
(Crystalline)
water
0.11
Organic matter 17.20
Loss of CO2 0.72
75
80
85
90
95
100
0 200 400 600 800 1000
TGA
We
igh
t lo
ss %
Temp. oC
Element Result (avg.)
EPA, TCLP
Toxicity
Characteristic
Regulatory
Ceiling Level
Unit
Mg 0.845 -- %
Fe 1.055 -- %
Al 0.72 -- %
K 0.21 -- %
Si 0.12 -- %
Cu 7.9 -- ppm
Cd 2.8 1 ppm
Pb 45 5 ppm
Mn 234.45 -- ppm
Cr 14.45 5 ppm
Na 774 -- ppm
As 0.45 5 ppm
Hg 0.15 0.200 ppm
Zn 87.9 -- ppm
Sb <1 -- ppm
Se <1 1 ppm
Acid Soluble
Chemical Analysis
of the Dried
Sediment Sample
Conducted by ICP-
OES and Metal
Hydride
Techniques
Physical Tests of the Dried
Sediment Sample
Liquid limit 43%
Plastic limit 27%
Plasticity index 16
Sieve analysis
(dry) µm%
+250 0.0
-250+125 10.0
-125+90 6.32
-90+63 16.37
-63 67.31
Microbiological AnalysisThermotolerant
Coliform Count<0.3 MPN/gm
Salmonella spp.&
IPNAbsent
Sieve analysis
(wet) µm
%
+250 2.58
-250+125 5.15
-125+90 4.38
-90+63 5.93
-63+32 10.76
-32 71.2
Radionuclide Activity (Bq/Kg) Type
K-40 0.17+7 .382 Natural
Cs-137 3.0+3 .3 Artificial
Tl-208 6.2+5 .45 Natural
Bi-212 8.3+7 .51 Natural
Pb-121 1.2+6 .51 Natural
Bi-214 92.8 + 6.4 Natural
Pb-214 105.0 + 5.0 Natural
Ra-224 0.6+3 .59 Natural
Ra-226 102.0 + 4.3 Natural
Ac-227 6.0+0 .12 Natural
Ac-228 1.1+7 .25 Natural
U-235 2.0+6 .3 Natural
U-238 87.7 + 6.6 Natural
Gamma Spectroscopy Analyses of the
Dried Sediment Sample
FT-IR spectrum of King Talal dam
sediment sample
Powdered XRD patterns of King Talal
dam sediment samples were (a) dried
at 105 ºC and (b) fired at 500 ºC.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
40080012001600200024002800320036004000
1/cm
Objectives
Hazardous sediments will be sintered in the form of bricks.
The use of sediments in the production of bricks not only alleviates disposal problems, but also has economic, ecological and energy-saving advantages.
Objectives
Bricks will be produced with volumetric mix clay to sediment additions for 20%, 50% and up to 100%, respectively.
Methodology
Researchers from different disciplines are focusing their investigations on:
Microbiological, physical (mineralogical) and chemical characterization of the sediments and clay
Mechanical and chemical characteristics of the bricks produced
Potential uses in the construction industry
Expected Outputs
Safe use of accumulated King Talal Dam sediments in the construction industry
Protection of the soil and surface water
Maintenance and encouragement of the use of natural materials in the construction sector
Less waste material will be disposed of or accumulated
Primary raw materials (clay, silica and water) for brick-making will be used less frequently
The foundations will be laid for public acceptance of using sediments in the construction sector.
Expected Outputs
Mass production of different types and shapes of clay fired bricks made of 50% to 100% sediments
The bricks produced will be used as a construction material for sidewalks, public toilets, parks and some public buildings in connection with the municipality of Amman, other municipalities in Jordan, and any other interested parties.
Expected Outputs
Development of networks between Jordanian municipalities, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, the Jordan Engineering Society, the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, the Contractors’ Association, brick manufacturers and end users, to facilitate the uptake of the material.
Expected Outputs
Production of a Technical Digest and flyers
Dissemination of information to key persons, brick manufacturers and potential users through the use of the Technical Digest and workshops
Expected Outputs
Firing Kiln – outside
Firing Kiln – inside, green bricks and dried biosolids
An Illustration of the Firing Process
http://www.iwias.org.uk/
Novel Green and Sustainable Building Materials from Available Jordanian ResourcesNovel Green and Sustainable Building Materials from Available Jordanian ResourcesNovel Green and Sustainable Building Materials from Available Jordanian ResourcesNovel Green and Sustainable Building Materials from Available Jordanian Resources
Next Project Proposal
A Novel Green, Traditional and Seismic Force-Resisting Design for Buildings Built from Resources Available in Jordan
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