Royal Botanic Garden1st Annual Scientific Day

Thursday January 12, 2012Amman, Jordan

By

ADI SAID, Ph.D.

adisaid@rss.jo

Researcher Name Responsibility Institute

Research Team

Adi Said, Ph.D.PI-researcher RSS / Knowledge

Analytical / Bioanalytical

Amjad El-Sheikh, Ph.D.Co-researcher (1) Hashemite University/ Chemistry

Analytical and Environmental

Ayoup Ghrair, Ph.D. Co-researcher (2) RSS / Knowledge

Geochemist

Majid Zeki Hameed, Ph.D.Co-researcher (3) RSS / Knowledge

Material Science

Shamil Habet, Eng.Co-researcher (4) RSS / Building Institute

Civil Engineer

Ayman Ghamoh, Eng.Co-researcher (5) RSS / Knowledge

Mechanical Engineer

Research assistantResearch assistant RSS / Knowledge

USA Counterpart

Alan W. Gertler , Ph.D Counterpart

System of Higher Education

Clean Technologies and Renewable

Energy

alan.gertler@dri.edu

Introduction

Water and wastewater management is a continuing problem in many countries of the world.

The problem is relatively more acute (141.9 liter/day) in Jordan, because of the need to conserve and reuse water resources.

Introduction

The majority of wastewater treatment

plants in the country generate

relatively huge amounts of Class B

biosolids (total 26 plants)

About (300,000 m3/year) of liquid

sludge

About (11,000 m3/year) of dewatered

biosolids

Introduction

Treated domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater create nearly all of the summer flow, discharged through the Zarqa River to King Talal Dam (KTD).

Therefore, any pollution in the river will lead to pollution in the dam water and its sediments.

فأوقد لي يا هامان على }{الطين فاجعل لي صرحا

سورة القصص

{Then ignite for me, O Haman, [a fire] upon the clay and make for me a tower.} Surat Al-Qaşaş

Chemical Analysis of the Dried

Sediment Sample Conducted by

XRF and Gravimetric TechniquesElements Result (%)

SiO2 39.47

Al2O3 9.01

Fe2O3 3.52

TiO2 0.60

P2O5 0.88

CaO 20.47

MgO 1.72

Na2O 0.39

K2O 0.81

Heat of

combustion

75 cal/g

Free water 4.17

Combined

(Crystalline)

water

0.11

Organic matter 17.20

Loss of CO2 0.72

75

80

85

90

95

100

0 200 400 600 800 1000

TGA

We

igh

t lo

ss %

Temp. oC

Element Result (avg.)

EPA, TCLP

Toxicity

Characteristic

Regulatory

Ceiling Level

Unit

Mg 0.845 -- %

Fe 1.055 -- %

Al 0.72 -- %

K 0.21 -- %

Si 0.12 -- %

Cu 7.9 -- ppm

Cd 2.8 1 ppm

Pb 45 5 ppm

Mn 234.45 -- ppm

Cr 14.45 5 ppm

Na 774 -- ppm

As 0.45 5 ppm

Hg 0.15 0.200 ppm

Zn 87.9 -- ppm

Sb <1 -- ppm

Se <1 1 ppm

Acid Soluble

Chemical Analysis

of the Dried

Sediment Sample

Conducted by ICP-

OES and Metal

Hydride

Techniques

Physical Tests of the Dried

Sediment Sample

Liquid limit 43%

Plastic limit 27%

Plasticity index 16

Sieve analysis

(dry) µm%

+250 0.0

-250+125 10.0

-125+90 6.32

-90+63 16.37

-63 67.31

Microbiological AnalysisThermotolerant

Coliform Count<0.3 MPN/gm

Salmonella spp.&

IPNAbsent

Sieve analysis

(wet) µm

%

+250 2.58

-250+125 5.15

-125+90 4.38

-90+63 5.93

-63+32 10.76

-32 71.2

Radionuclide Activity (Bq/Kg) Type

K-40 0.17+7 .382 Natural

Cs-137 3.0+3 .3 Artificial

Tl-208 6.2+5 .45 Natural

Bi-212 8.3+7 .51 Natural

Pb-121 1.2+6 .51 Natural

Bi-214 92.8 + 6.4 Natural

Pb-214 105.0 + 5.0 Natural

Ra-224 0.6+3 .59 Natural

Ra-226 102.0 + 4.3 Natural

Ac-227 6.0+0 .12 Natural

Ac-228 1.1+7 .25 Natural

U-235 2.0+6 .3 Natural

U-238 87.7 + 6.6 Natural

Gamma Spectroscopy Analyses of the

Dried Sediment Sample

FT-IR spectrum of King Talal dam

sediment sample

Powdered XRD patterns of King Talal

dam sediment samples were (a) dried

at 105 ºC and (b) fired at 500 ºC.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

40080012001600200024002800320036004000

1/cm

Objectives

Hazardous sediments will be sintered in the form of bricks.

The use of sediments in the production of bricks not only alleviates disposal problems, but also has economic, ecological and energy-saving advantages.

SEM image of brick (10) fired at 750oC (600X)

SEM image of sintered sludge at 1000oC (1000×)

Objectives

Bricks will be produced with volumetric mix clay to sediment additions for 20%, 50% and up to 100%, respectively.

Methodology

Researchers from different disciplines are focusing their investigations on:

Microbiological, physical (mineralogical) and chemical characterization of the sediments and clay

Mechanical and chemical characteristics of the bricks produced

Potential uses in the construction industry

Expected Outputs

Safe use of accumulated King Talal Dam sediments in the construction industry

Protection of the soil and surface water

Maintenance and encouragement of the use of natural materials in the construction sector

Less waste material will be disposed of or accumulated

Primary raw materials (clay, silica and water) for brick-making will be used less frequently

The foundations will be laid for public acceptance of using sediments in the construction sector.

Expected Outputs

Mass production of different types and shapes of clay fired bricks made of 50% to 100% sediments

The bricks produced will be used as a construction material for sidewalks, public toilets, parks and some public buildings in connection with the municipality of Amman, other municipalities in Jordan, and any other interested parties.

Expected Outputs

Development of networks between Jordanian municipalities, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, the Jordan Engineering Society, the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, the Contractors’ Association, brick manufacturers and end users, to facilitate the uptake of the material.

Expected Outputs

Production of a Technical Digest and flyers

Dissemination of information to key persons, brick manufacturers and potential users through the use of the Technical Digest and workshops

Expected Outputs

Vacuum Pug Mill (50 kg)

Extruder Machine (6000 kg)

Machines Needed for Fired Brick Making

Various Molds were Designed and Machined at RSS to Produce Different Shapes of Fired Bricks.

Green Bodies Produced from KTD Sediments (100%) - Without any Clay Amendment

Designing Various Molds to Produce Different Shapes of Fired Bricks

Samples of Various Shapes Intended to be Produced

Bricks for Sidewalk Construction

Wall of Bricks Made from Sewage Sludge-Clay

Mix for Hot-Box Thermal Properties

Firing Kiln Needed for Fired Brick Making

Gas Type Firing Kiln

Gas Type Firing Kiln

Firing Kiln – outside

Firing Kiln – inside, green bricks and dried biosolids

An Illustration of the Firing Process

http://www.iwias.org.uk/

Kiln Design and Landscape

Novel Green and Sustainable Building Materials from Available Jordanian ResourcesNovel Green and Sustainable Building Materials from Available Jordanian ResourcesNovel Green and Sustainable Building Materials from Available Jordanian ResourcesNovel Green and Sustainable Building Materials from Available Jordanian Resources

Next Project Proposal

A Novel Green, Traditional and Seismic Force-Resisting Design for Buildings Built from Resources Available in Jordan

Historical Tall Modern Buildings Constructed from Fired Bricks

Thank You…