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Brief Response
• What were reasons Imperialists had for taking over foreign lands and denying the freedom of hundreds of millions of people there?
• Gold• Religion• Resources• Cheap labor• Foreign markets for trade• Technology made it possible • White supremacy supported by Social Darwinism.
Africa at the beginning of Imperialist Takeover
p. 290
Brief Response
• What were reasons Imperialists had for taking over foreign lands and denying the freedom of hundreds of millions of people there? (4)
• Imperialists turned their technological superiority on the world for gold, religion, profits from business investments, and cheap, almost slave, labor
Why Africa?
• Africa was the last region taken over by Europeans.• European takeover was swift and frenzied.• It had many resources Europeans needed and wanted.• Though the slave trade was ended, Africans were seen as
a cheap source of agricultural and mineral labor.• European colonists took the best lands, protected by
European/European controlled armies• Europeans did not care about the rights of non-White
colonials (Africans, in this case).
WEST AFRICA
• Usman dan Fodio: • Islamic leader of a religious revival in West Africa. – He spoke out against corrupt leaders in Nigeria, who, he
felt, were not obeying Shari’a Law (Law according to the Koran and teachings of Muhammad).
– He called for uprising against the Hausa leadership and the Europeans.
– He and his followers set up a successful and peaceful Muslim state in northern Nigeria.
SOUTHERN AFRICA
• Most people were farmers or herdsmen and lived in small loosely dependent communities. – That changed in the 1800s.
• Shaka: • in the early 1800s, he united the Zulu people and
made violent wars to subjugate neighboring peoples. – Intermarriage brought the people closer together in
Shaka’s empire, but others fled to other lands.
One major event stimulated great interest in sub-Saharan Africa…..
• David Livingstone: • A well respected explorer, doctor, and missionary
who had “disappeared” in the Congo region. – He had been busy protecting the people there from
slavery. – He worked to make their lives better, but respected their
cultures.
• Europe and America asked, “what happened to Livingstone?” A statue of David Livingstone in
Zambia.
One major event stimulated great interest in sub-Saharan Africa…..
• Henry Stanley: • American journalist sent by his paper to find
Livingstone. – After two years, he found him. • “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
– He also documented and mapped the places and people he saw.
King Leopold II:
• Belgian king in the mid 1800s. • He personally took control of the Congo area of
central Africa, to grow rubber trees from Asia. • He hired Henry Stanley to explore it and later run it.
• Also found copper and ivory– his administration’s brutal mistreatment of
Africans there earned world criticism.• Arrests, beatings, mutilations, and executions
of those who did not work or pay taxes.Western political cartoon
criticizing Leopold’s greedy and brutal
treatment of Congolese.
Boer War:• Late 1800s. • Britain pursued the Boer into northern South Africa,
– taking control of their lands and – subjecting them to British laws protecting black Africans.
• The Boer rebelled and fought a guerrilla war. – Though they were effective, they lost after three years.
• Britain learned to use camouflage and guerrilla tactics from the Boer. – This would change modern warfare, but not immediately.– Images:– Previous colorful British field uniform– Boer field outfits– Khaki (camouflage) British field uniform
Resistance
• Samori Toure: –opposed French in West Africa
• Algeria–Algerians futilely resisted
France.
Resistance
• Yaa Asantewaa: • Asante (today Ghana) Queen who continued
her husband’s war against the British. • Nehanda: • Woman leader of the Shona resistance against
the British in Zimbabwe. • She was captured and executed. • She is remembered as a symbol against White
Rule in southern Africa.
Menelik II:• united Ethiopia in the late 1800s. • He used European advisers to
develop his lands, military, and education system. – His European-trained and equipped army was
able to defeat an Italian invasion.
Collaboration or Resistance?• Elite: • upper class; usually powerful leaders of traditional
societies. • African leaders who cooperated (collaborators) were
rewarded by the imperialists with power, land, and honor:– Learned European ways– Rejected traditional ways
– As in all lands around the world conquered by Europeans, those who served the Europeans were given more privileges.
• Others led resistance movements and criticized the Imperialist as immoral invaders.
Homework
Standards Check, p. 291:
• Question: • In Muslim North Africa: – The Ottoman empire was declining
• In West Africa: – New Muslim leaders and strong kingdoms like the Asante
• In East Africa:– The slave trade continued to the East.
• In South Africa:– Zulus and Boers battled for control.
Image, p. 291
• Question:• Because of his powerful army
Standards Check, p. 292
• Question:• Medical advances and steamships allowed
explorers and missionaries to push deep into Africa.
Image, p. 292
• Question:• They viewed African religions as inferior to
Christianity
Map, p. 293
• 2• North and West Africa• 3• By 1914, European colonies had spread across
most of the continent and very few regions remained independent.
Standards Check, p. 295
• Question:• By sending explorers to the Congo and trying
to establish treaties to dominate trade.
Biography, p. 295
• Question:• By obtaining and learning how to use Western
weapons.
Standards Check, p. 296
• Question:• Menelik II modernized and Westernized both
his country and army.• Ethiopia was prepared to fight Western
troops.• They defeated Italy’s invasion and remained
independent.
Image, p. 296
• Question:• That he may be an official or expert who
visited or was educated in Europe.
p. 297, thinking critically
• 1.• He appealed to their sense of justice.• He knew he could not win militarily.• 2.• His father shows his disagreement by
continuing to question why his son did not allow his troops to fight when they were able and ready.
Project: The Berlin Conference
• Handouts• On-line reference (map of Africa, c. 1880)
Brief Response
• Why was it called the “Scramble for Africa”? Support with text information.
End homework
• Begin classwork• Make sure Gandhi DVD is queued up
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