Brief Response

• What were reasons Imperialists had for taking over foreign lands and denying the freedom of hundreds of millions of people there?

• Gold• Religion• Resources• Cheap labor• Foreign markets for trade• Technology made it possible • White supremacy supported by Social Darwinism.

Africa at the beginning of Imperialist Takeover

p. 290

Brief Response

• What were reasons Imperialists had for taking over foreign lands and denying the freedom of hundreds of millions of people there? (4)

• Imperialists turned their technological superiority on the world for gold, religion, profits from business investments, and cheap, almost slave, labor

Why Africa?

• Africa was the last region taken over by Europeans.• European takeover was swift and frenzied.• It had many resources Europeans needed and wanted.• Though the slave trade was ended, Africans were seen as

a cheap source of agricultural and mineral labor.• European colonists took the best lands, protected by

European/European controlled armies• Europeans did not care about the rights of non-White

colonials (Africans, in this case).

WEST AFRICA

• Usman dan Fodio: • Islamic leader of a religious revival in West Africa. – He spoke out against corrupt leaders in Nigeria, who, he

felt, were not obeying Shari’a Law (Law according to the Koran and teachings of Muhammad).

– He called for uprising against the Hausa leadership and the Europeans.

– He and his followers set up a successful and peaceful Muslim state in northern Nigeria.

SOUTHERN AFRICA

• Most people were farmers or herdsmen and lived in small loosely dependent communities. – That changed in the 1800s.

• Shaka: • in the early 1800s, he united the Zulu people and

made violent wars to subjugate neighboring peoples. – Intermarriage brought the people closer together in

Shaka’s empire, but others fled to other lands.

One major event stimulated great interest in sub-Saharan Africa…..

• David Livingstone: • A well respected explorer, doctor, and missionary

who had “disappeared” in the Congo region. – He had been busy protecting the people there from

slavery. – He worked to make their lives better, but respected their

cultures.

• Europe and America asked, “what happened to Livingstone?” A statue of David Livingstone in

Zambia.

One major event stimulated great interest in sub-Saharan Africa…..

• Henry Stanley: • American journalist sent by his paper to find

Livingstone. – After two years, he found him. • “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”

– He also documented and mapped the places and people he saw.

King Leopold II:

• Belgian king in the mid 1800s. • He personally took control of the Congo area of

central Africa, to grow rubber trees from Asia. • He hired Henry Stanley to explore it and later run it.

• Also found copper and ivory– his administration’s brutal mistreatment of

Africans there earned world criticism.• Arrests, beatings, mutilations, and executions

of those who did not work or pay taxes.Western political cartoon

criticizing Leopold’s greedy and brutal

treatment of Congolese.

Boer War:• Late 1800s. • Britain pursued the Boer into northern South Africa,

– taking control of their lands and – subjecting them to British laws protecting black Africans.

• The Boer rebelled and fought a guerrilla war. – Though they were effective, they lost after three years.

• Britain learned to use camouflage and guerrilla tactics from the Boer. – This would change modern warfare, but not immediately.– Images:– Previous colorful British field uniform– Boer field outfits– Khaki (camouflage) British field uniform

Resistance

• Samori Toure: –opposed French in West Africa

• Algeria–Algerians futilely resisted

France.

Resistance

• Yaa Asantewaa: • Asante (today Ghana) Queen who continued

her husband’s war against the British. • Nehanda: • Woman leader of the Shona resistance against

the British in Zimbabwe. • She was captured and executed. • She is remembered as a symbol against White

Rule in southern Africa.

Menelik II:• united Ethiopia in the late 1800s. • He used European advisers to

develop his lands, military, and education system. – His European-trained and equipped army was

able to defeat an Italian invasion.

Collaboration or Resistance?• Elite: • upper class; usually powerful leaders of traditional

societies. • African leaders who cooperated (collaborators) were

rewarded by the imperialists with power, land, and honor:– Learned European ways– Rejected traditional ways

– As in all lands around the world conquered by Europeans, those who served the Europeans were given more privileges.

• Others led resistance movements and criticized the Imperialist as immoral invaders.

Homework

Standards Check, p. 291:

• Question: • In Muslim North Africa: – The Ottoman empire was declining

• In West Africa: – New Muslim leaders and strong kingdoms like the Asante

• In East Africa:– The slave trade continued to the East.

• In South Africa:– Zulus and Boers battled for control.

Image, p. 291

• Question:• Because of his powerful army

Standards Check, p. 292

• Question:• Medical advances and steamships allowed

explorers and missionaries to push deep into Africa.

Image, p. 292

• Question:• They viewed African religions as inferior to

Christianity

Map, p. 293

• 2• North and West Africa• 3• By 1914, European colonies had spread across

most of the continent and very few regions remained independent.

Standards Check, p. 295

• Question:• By sending explorers to the Congo and trying

to establish treaties to dominate trade.

Biography, p. 295

• Question:• By obtaining and learning how to use Western

weapons.

Standards Check, p. 296

• Question:• Menelik II modernized and Westernized both

his country and army.• Ethiopia was prepared to fight Western

troops.• They defeated Italy’s invasion and remained

independent.

Image, p. 296

• Question:• That he may be an official or expert who

visited or was educated in Europe.

p. 297, thinking critically

• 1.• He appealed to their sense of justice.• He knew he could not win militarily.• 2.• His father shows his disagreement by

continuing to question why his son did not allow his troops to fight when they were able and ready.

Project: The Berlin Conference

• Handouts• On-line reference (map of Africa, c. 1880)

Brief Response

• Why was it called the “Scramble for Africa”? Support with text information.

End homework

• Begin classwork• Make sure Gandhi DVD is queued up