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Brick Basics
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1ACME BRICK
Technical Services Department Presents:
Brick Basics1
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the
l i f thi t ticonclusion of this presentation.
ACME BRICK COMPANY is proud to be a member of the US Green Building Council.
We are continually striving to improve the durability and reduce the environmental
impact of our products.2
Building Challenge Every material has strengths and
weaknesses Here lies the challenge Opportunities to be creative
Focus on strengths of each material Allow for weaknesses of each material Most of all, you can
3 4
BRICK AN ENDURING LEGACY
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Genesis 113 And they said one toanother, Go to, let us makebrick, and burn themthroughly. And they hadbrick for stone, and slimehad they for mortar.4 A d th id G t l t4 And they said, Go to, letus build us a city and atower, whose top mayreach unto heaven; and letus make us a name, lest webe scattered abroad uponthe face of the wholeearth. 6
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COLISEUM ROME
ca 70 AD
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Domo Brunelleschi, Fiorenza (Florence), Italy 1320-1400 AD
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Cathedral of Vasily the Blessed,
Moscow 1580-1588
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In 1930 The 77 story Chrysler Building was boldly clad in grey brick and stainless steel. These have proved to be impervious to the acid rain that attacks stone and thother
claddingmaterials.
Architect William Van Alen
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EARLY BRICKMAKINGEARLY BRICKMAKING
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17 18
419 20
EARLY PUG MILL ca 1800 AD21
EARLY BRICK MAKING MACHINE ca 1820 AD
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5Firing Brick
25BRICK scove kiln from antiquity to 1800s.
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Periodic Kilns 1850s - Present27
MODERN BRICKMAKINGMODERN BRICKMAKING
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29 GRINDING THE CLAY 30
6PUG MILL
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COLUMN OF VELOUR BRICK
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33 PUSH-THROUGH CUTTER 34
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KILN-CAR OF GREEN BRICKS
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737 38
INSIDE A TUNNEL KILN 39 TEMPERATURES CAREFULLY CONTROLDED40
2,000 F 41 42
8BRICK TERMINOLOGYBRICK TERMINOLOGY
Wythe = a layer of brick in the wall43
Shiner
Brick Orientation
Stretcher HeaderRowlockHeader
Soldier Sailor
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RUNNINGBOND
COMMONBOND
Bond Patterns
FLEMISHBOND ENGLISH
BOND
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DUTCHBOND
ENGLISH GARDEN WALL
HEADER BOND
BondPatterns
FLEMISH STRETCHER BOND
FLEMISH GARDENWALL
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BRICK SPECIFICATIONSASTM C216 - Facing Brick
C652 - Hollow Brick
C902 & C1272 P i B i kC902 & C1272 - Paving Brick
C67 - Testing Methods
C1262 - Freeze-thaw Testing
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1 GRADES
C216 and C 652
1. GRADES(Strength and Durability)
2. TYPES(Appearance and Quality)
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9GRADES OF BRICK
216 FACING BRICK
MW = MEDIUM WEATHERING
SW = SEVERE WEATHERING
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ASTM C216 Weathering Index Map
500
50500
500500500
500
Over 500 = SW
50 500 = SW
0 50 = MW or SW
50
5050
average annual winter rainfall in inches
average annual number of freezing cycle days
WeatheringIndex = X
50
50
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C216 BRICK TYPESType FBSBrick for General Use in Masonry
Type FBXBrick for General Use in Masonry where a higher degree of precision is required and l i ibl i i i i i lower permissible variation in size is required.
Type FBABrick for General Use in Masonry selected for characteristic architectural effects resulting from non-uniformity in size and texture of units.
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TypeBrick
TOLERANCES ASTM C216 FACING BRICK
Size Distortion Chippage Extra Chippage
R-
8 12 8 12 Edge Corner % Edge
1/8
1/4 5/16 3/32 1/8 5/16 1/2 15% 7/16 3/4
Out-of Square
Corner
FBSS-
1/8
1/4 3/8 10% 5/16 1/2
FBX 5/32 7/32 1/16 3/32 1/8 1/4 5% 1/4 3/8 3/32
FBA -- -- -- -- AS* AS* AS* AS* AS* AS*
FBS
*AS = Architectural Standards53
ASTM C270
Mortar for Unit Masonry
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Developments in Mortar
2200 BC Tower of Babel, Babylon - asphalt and sand mortar.
1800 BC Great Pyramid, Giza, Egypt used burned gypsum and sand mortar.
400 BC Ancient Greece and Rome made mortar of burned lime volcanic tuffs and sandburned lime, volcanic tuffs and sand.
1607 Jamestown, Virginia, used mortar of lime and sand.
1850 - 1900 Portland cement developed and added to mortar for strength.
1970s Masonry cement and mortar cement developed
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Mortar Functions Bond units of brick into an integral
structure. Seal joints against air and water
penetration. Cushion and separate brick and
compensate for dimensional variations incompensate for dimensional variations in brick.
Flex to accommodate small movements in the wall.
Bond reinforcement to brick for and crack control.
Decorative effects. 56
Absorption Increases Mortar BondAbsorption draws cement paste from mortar into brick pores for strong bond. 57
Concave Vee Grapevine Beaded
Mortar Joint Tooling affects Water PermeanceConcave and Vee joints are better
Struck and Raked joints are most likely to leakWhen joints leak, cavity drainage is critical
Weathered Struck Flush Raked Extruded
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PROPORTION SPECIFICATIONS:
Mortar is Specified by VOLUME of Portland, cement lime, and sand.
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(8) 5-gallon pails filled level with top with damp loose sand = 6 cubic feet.
++
= 6 cu ft mortar
2 Bags Masonry Cement6 Cu Ft Sand
Measured Water
++
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ASTM C270Typical Mortar Proportions By Volume*:MORTAR
TYPEPORTLAND
CEMENT LIME SAND
TYPE M 1 CF 1/3 CF 4 CF
TYPE S 2 CF 1 CF 9 CF
TYPE N 1 CF 1 CF 6 CF
TYPE O 1 CF 2 CF 9 CFAlways specify Type N!
Type N is most water resistant and has ample strength for most load bearing brick and block.
Type S or M should only be used with high strength block (3000 psi) and brick in special cases where loads are extremely high.
Require your engineer to justify Type S mortar. Type O lacks sufficient bond strength for many applications and should be avoided.
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All Field Mortar is Mixed by Volume Proportions.
Property specifications are only intended for designing alternate proportions for field mixes. p p
Field testing of mortar MAY NOT be used as a basis for acceptance or rejection of field mortar.
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CEMENTS USED INMORTAR TODAY:
Portland Cement + Limeor
Masonry Cementor
Mortar Cement63
MASONRY CEMENT Lowest Cost Good workability No bond specification Quality depends on manufacturer.
MORTAR CEMENT Required high bond strength
M h l t May have lower water permeance Low cost Efflorescence depends on
composition
PORTLAND-LIME PRE-MIX Highest bond strength Lowest water permeance Autogenous healing
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ASTM C270Specification for Mortar for Reinforced or Un-reinforced Masonry.y
ASTM C476Specification for Grout for Reinforced Masonry.
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ACME BRICK
Architectural Details
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Beauty of Brick Details
69 70
71
Corbels
72
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73 74
Special Shapes
75 76
77 78
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Or Not
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81 82
Arches & Soffits
83 84
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85 86
87 88
89 90
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Sloping Sills
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Polychrome Patterns
95 96
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99 100
101 102
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103 104
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Menier Chocolate Factory, ParisPolychrome Brick
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It all boils down to Workmanship.
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