1ACME BRICK

Technical Services Department Presents:

Brick Basics1

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the

l i f thi t ticonclusion of this presentation.

ACME BRICK COMPANY is proud to be a member of the US Green Building Council.

We are continually striving to improve the durability and reduce the environmental

impact of our products.2

Building Challenge Every material has strengths and

weaknesses Here lies the challenge Opportunities to be creative

Focus on strengths of each material Allow for weaknesses of each material Most of all, you can

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BRICK AN ENDURING LEGACY

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Genesis 113 And they said one toanother, Go to, let us makebrick, and burn themthroughly. And they hadbrick for stone, and slimehad they for mortar.4 A d th id G t l t4 And they said, Go to, letus build us a city and atower, whose top mayreach unto heaven; and letus make us a name, lest webe scattered abroad uponthe face of the wholeearth. 6

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COLISEUM ROME

ca 70 AD

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Domo Brunelleschi, Fiorenza (Florence), Italy 1320-1400 AD

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Cathedral of Vasily the Blessed,

Moscow 1580-1588

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In 1930 The 77 story Chrysler Building was boldly clad in grey brick and stainless steel. These have proved to be impervious to the acid rain that attacks stone and thother

claddingmaterials.

Architect William Van Alen

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EARLY BRICKMAKINGEARLY BRICKMAKING

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EARLY PUG MILL ca 1800 AD21

EARLY BRICK MAKING MACHINE ca 1820 AD

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5Firing Brick

25BRICK scove kiln from antiquity to 1800s.

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Periodic Kilns 1850s - Present27

MODERN BRICKMAKINGMODERN BRICKMAKING

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29 GRINDING THE CLAY 30

6PUG MILL

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COLUMN OF VELOUR BRICK

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33 PUSH-THROUGH CUTTER 34

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KILN-CAR OF GREEN BRICKS

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737 38

INSIDE A TUNNEL KILN 39 TEMPERATURES CAREFULLY CONTROLDED40

2,000 F 41 42

8BRICK TERMINOLOGYBRICK TERMINOLOGY

Wythe = a layer of brick in the wall43

Shiner

Brick Orientation

Stretcher HeaderRowlockHeader

Soldier Sailor

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RUNNINGBOND

COMMONBOND

Bond Patterns

FLEMISHBOND ENGLISH

BOND

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DUTCHBOND

ENGLISH GARDEN WALL

HEADER BOND

BondPatterns

FLEMISH STRETCHER BOND

FLEMISH GARDENWALL

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BRICK SPECIFICATIONSASTM C216 - Facing Brick

C652 - Hollow Brick

C902 & C1272 P i B i kC902 & C1272 - Paving Brick

C67 - Testing Methods

C1262 - Freeze-thaw Testing

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1 GRADES

C216 and C 652

1. GRADES(Strength and Durability)

2. TYPES(Appearance and Quality)

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9GRADES OF BRICK

216 FACING BRICK

MW = MEDIUM WEATHERING

SW = SEVERE WEATHERING

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ASTM C216 Weathering Index Map

500

50500

500500500

500

Over 500 = SW

50 500 = SW

0 50 = MW or SW

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5050

average annual winter rainfall in inches

average annual number of freezing cycle days

WeatheringIndex = X

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50

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C216 BRICK TYPESType FBSBrick for General Use in Masonry

Type FBXBrick for General Use in Masonry where a higher degree of precision is required and l i ibl i i i i i lower permissible variation in size is required.

Type FBABrick for General Use in Masonry selected for characteristic architectural effects resulting from non-uniformity in size and texture of units.

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TypeBrick

TOLERANCES ASTM C216 FACING BRICK

Size Distortion Chippage Extra Chippage

R-

8 12 8 12 Edge Corner % Edge

1/8

1/4 5/16 3/32 1/8 5/16 1/2 15% 7/16 3/4

Out-of Square

Corner

FBSS-

1/8

1/4 3/8 10% 5/16 1/2

FBX 5/32 7/32 1/16 3/32 1/8 1/4 5% 1/4 3/8 3/32

FBA -- -- -- -- AS* AS* AS* AS* AS* AS*

FBS

*AS = Architectural Standards53

ASTM C270

Mortar for Unit Masonry

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Developments in Mortar

2200 BC Tower of Babel, Babylon - asphalt and sand mortar.

1800 BC Great Pyramid, Giza, Egypt used burned gypsum and sand mortar.

400 BC Ancient Greece and Rome made mortar of burned lime volcanic tuffs and sandburned lime, volcanic tuffs and sand.

1607 Jamestown, Virginia, used mortar of lime and sand.

1850 - 1900 Portland cement developed and added to mortar for strength.

1970s Masonry cement and mortar cement developed

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Mortar Functions Bond units of brick into an integral

structure. Seal joints against air and water

penetration. Cushion and separate brick and

compensate for dimensional variations incompensate for dimensional variations in brick.

Flex to accommodate small movements in the wall.

Bond reinforcement to brick for and crack control.

Decorative effects. 56

Absorption Increases Mortar BondAbsorption draws cement paste from mortar into brick pores for strong bond. 57

Concave Vee Grapevine Beaded

Mortar Joint Tooling affects Water PermeanceConcave and Vee joints are better

Struck and Raked joints are most likely to leakWhen joints leak, cavity drainage is critical

Weathered Struck Flush Raked Extruded

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PROPORTION SPECIFICATIONS:

Mortar is Specified by VOLUME of Portland, cement lime, and sand.

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(8) 5-gallon pails filled level with top with damp loose sand = 6 cubic feet.

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= 6 cu ft mortar

2 Bags Masonry Cement6 Cu Ft Sand

Measured Water

++

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ASTM C270Typical Mortar Proportions By Volume*:MORTAR

TYPEPORTLAND

CEMENT LIME SAND

TYPE M 1 CF 1/3 CF 4 CF

TYPE S 2 CF 1 CF 9 CF

TYPE N 1 CF 1 CF 6 CF

TYPE O 1 CF 2 CF 9 CFAlways specify Type N!

Type N is most water resistant and has ample strength for most load bearing brick and block.

Type S or M should only be used with high strength block (3000 psi) and brick in special cases where loads are extremely high.

Require your engineer to justify Type S mortar. Type O lacks sufficient bond strength for many applications and should be avoided.

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All Field Mortar is Mixed by Volume Proportions.

Property specifications are only intended for designing alternate proportions for field mixes. p p

Field testing of mortar MAY NOT be used as a basis for acceptance or rejection of field mortar.

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CEMENTS USED INMORTAR TODAY:

Portland Cement + Limeor

Masonry Cementor

Mortar Cement63

MASONRY CEMENT Lowest Cost Good workability No bond specification Quality depends on manufacturer.

MORTAR CEMENT Required high bond strength

M h l t May have lower water permeance Low cost Efflorescence depends on

composition

PORTLAND-LIME PRE-MIX Highest bond strength Lowest water permeance Autogenous healing

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ASTM C270Specification for Mortar for Reinforced or Un-reinforced Masonry.y

ASTM C476Specification for Grout for Reinforced Masonry.

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ACME BRICK

Architectural Details

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Beauty of Brick Details

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Corbels

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Special Shapes

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Or Not

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Arches & Soffits

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89 90

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Sloping Sills

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Polychrome Patterns

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Menier Chocolate Factory, ParisPolychrome Brick

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It all boils down to Workmanship.

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