Body Systems that Regulate Body Functions. Nervous System What is the function of the nervous...

Body Systems that Regulate Body Functions

Nervous System

What is the function of the nervous system?

Overview of a vertebrate nervous system

Structure of a vertebrate neuron

What are the functions of: dendrites, axons, synapses?

The main parts of the human brain

Heart rate & Breathing

Balance, Movement

Thinking, memory, learning

Homeostasis

“Master Gland”

REVIEW

Create a flow map to explain the series of events that happen from when you hear a loud noise to when you turn your head.

Receptors in ear receive sound information

Hormones & The Endocrine System

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Definitions

• Hormones– Chemical messages – Regulate activity of other cells– Help maintain homeostasis

• Endocrine glands– Secrete hormones

Endocrine System

Types of Hormones

• Protein hormones– Polar– Can they go through the cell membrane?

• Steroid hormones– Made from cholesterol– Can they go through the cell membrane?

Hormones are Chemical Signals

How does a protein hormone regulate a cell?How does a steroid hormone regulate a cell?

Selected Hormones & Glands

How can hormones maintain homeostasis?

NegativeFeedback

Adrenal Glands & Stress

• “Fight or Flight” – Immediate Stress– Epinephrine & Norepinephrine – hormones– Prepare body for emergency action

• Increase heart rate• Increase blood glucose level

• Long-term Stress– Cortisol & Aldosterone – hormones– Makes more energy available to body– Suppresses immune system– Increases blood pressure

Time for a yoga class?

ReviewCreate a Thinking Map of your choice to summarize what hormones do and how they work.

Immune System

What is the function of the immune system?

First Line of Defense

• Blocking germs from getting in in the first place

– Skin– Mucous membranes– Low pH in stomach

Second Line of Defense

• Attacks invaders when they get in

• Not specific – kills all cells that aren’t supposed to be there

Phagocytotic WBC InflammationFever

Third Line of Defense

• Specific – attacks a specific invader (antigen)– Examples – cold, flu, measels

• Made up of white blood cells– Cytotoxic T cells– B cells– Helper T cells

• Antigens – cause a specific immune response

Helper T-Cells1. A macrophage (phagocytotic WBC) eats an invader2. It wears surface proteins of the bacteria 3. The Helper T-Cell that can fight this infection recognizes the surface protein4. The Helper T-Cell organizes B Cells and Cytotoxic T-Cells

** Helper T-Cells are Coordinators **

Cytotoxic T-Cells

Kill infected cells by causing them to lyse (pop open)

B CellsMake antibodies; Antibodies prevent invader from infecting new cells

Lock and key fit

(Invader)

Memory & ImmunityAntibodies and Memory Cells “remember” an infection so you only get sick once.

HIV attacks Helper T-Cells

Very low Helper T CellCan’t fight infections

• Cause immunity without sickness

• Cause specific immune response; build up of antibodies

• Examples– Killed microbes– Parts of microbes– Weakened microbes

Vaccines

Review

Think of an analogy to compare and contrast the non-specific and specific immune responses.

Create a Thinking Map to summarize the function of the Immune System.