Biotechnology & Genomics. DNA Cloning Producing identical copies through asexual means

Biotechnology & Biotechnology & GenomicsGenomics

DNA Cloning DNA Cloning Producing identical copies through asexual Producing identical copies through asexual

means.means.

UsesUses::

determine genetic differences determine genetic differences research purposesresearch purposes ex – disease mechanism, industrial usesex – disease mechanism, industrial uses genetic modification or organisms or gene genetic modification or organisms or gene

therapytherapy genetic testing / crime investigation , forensicsgenetic testing / crime investigation , forensics

Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology(rDNA) technology

Vector + foreign DNAVector + foreign DNAex. Plasmidex. Plasmid

Necessary to make Necessary to make rDNArDNArestriction enzyme = sticky restriction enzyme = sticky

ends cats specificallyends cats specifically

DNA LigaseDNA Ligase

• PCR, process that uses PCR, process that uses DNA polymeraseDNA polymerase

DNA AnalysisDNA Analysis

DNA fingerprintingDNA fingerprinting• Cut DNACut DNAunique band patternunique band pattern

Electrophoresis – used to separate DNA by size for Electrophoresis – used to separate DNA by size for analysisanalysis

RNA , ProteinRNA , Protein

DNA Fingerprinting & Paternity

** uses electrophoresis to move ** uses electrophoresis to move charged molecules through a charged molecules through a

matrixmatrix

Biotechnology ProductsBiotechnology Products

– – some made by genetic engineeringsome made by genetic engineering

Products of genetics modification Products of genetics modification proceduresprocedures

A – A – Transgenic bacteria usesTransgenic bacteria uses Medicines, hormones, vaccines, agriculture, industry Medicines, hormones, vaccines, agriculture, industry to clean wasteto clean waste

B – B – Transgenic plantsTransgenic plants Assist agriculture, make productsAssist agriculture, make products

C – C – Transgenic animalsTransgenic animalsTransform egg cells – larger / more productive Transform egg cells – larger / more productive animalsanimals

D – D – Stem cell researchStem cell research Medicinal usesMedicinal uses

Transgenic Transgenic MammalsMammals

Genomic Differences BetweenGenomic Differences BetweenChimps & HumansChimps & Humans

Genomics – study of genesGenomics – study of genes

Human genome projectHuman genome project = 25,000 coding genes = 25,000 coding genes

Comparing genomesComparing genomes = much similarity; = much similarity; therefore, possible uniqueness is caused by the therefore, possible uniqueness is caused by the regulation of our genesregulation of our genes

how our bodies function, how to prevent how our bodies function, how to prevent diseases, what makes different species diseases, what makes different species unique, and even how life evolved on unique, and even how life evolved on earth. earth.

Hap Map projectHap Map project

A HapMap is a catalog common sequence A HapMap is a catalog common sequence differences that occur in a speciesdifferences that occur in a species The goal of the project is to link haplotypes to The goal of the project is to link haplotypes to

risk for specific illnessesrisk for specific illnesses May lead to new methods of preventing, May lead to new methods of preventing,

diagnosing, and treating diseasediagnosing, and treating disease

Epigenetics Epigenetics – – DNA packaging causing expression DNA packaging causing expression or no expression of genes depends or no expression of genes depends on the environmental factors one is on the environmental factors one is

exposed to.exposed to.

Genetic profileGenetic profile the human genotype of a person the human genotype of a person

To help disease risk factors. To help disease risk factors.

ProteomicsProteomicsStudy of proteinsStudy of proteins

Structure & function of proteins to design drugsStructure & function of proteins to design drugs

BioinformaticsBioinformatics

Using computers to study the genomeUsing computers to study the genome

Gene TherapyGene Therapy

Inserting genetic material into human cells for Inserting genetic material into human cells for the treatment of a disorder.the treatment of a disorder.

Ex VivoEx VivoChildren with Severe Combined Children with Severe Combined ImmunodeficiencyImmunodeficiencyBone Marrow Stem CellsBone Marrow Stem Cells

In VivoIn VivoCystic FibrosisCystic FibrosisNasal / Respiratory SprayNasal / Respiratory Spray

Gene TherapyGene TherapyHowStuffWorksHowStuffWorks Videos "Through the Lens: Gene Therapy" Videos "Through the Lens: Gene Therapy"

HowStuffWorks Videos "The Power of Genes: Gene Therapy"

Study QuestionStudy QuestionA plasmid Yip5 is cut:A plasmid Yip5 is cut:

Two linear fragments of 942 and 4,599 base pairs Two linear fragments of 942 and 4,599 base pairs (5,541 - 942 = 4,599). (5,541 - 942 = 4,599). EcoEcoRI and RI and EagEagII

Two linear fragments of 2,003 (2,035 - 32) and Two linear fragments of 2,003 (2,035 - 32) and 3,538 (5,541 - 2,003) base pairs. 3,538 (5,541 - 2,003) base pairs. HinHindIII and dIII and ApaApaII

Three linear fragments of 2,003, 2,881 (4,916 - Three linear fragments of 2,003, 2,881 (4,916 - 2,035), and 657 [5,541 - (2,003 + 2,881)l base 2,035), and 657 [5,541 - (2,003 + 2,881)l base pairs. pairs. HinHindIIIdIII, Apa, ApaII, and Pvu, and PvuII

The 942-base-pair fragment & The 4,599-base-pair The 942-base-pair fragment & The 4,599-base-pair fragment would be cleaved into two fragments of fragment would be cleaved into two fragments of 2,305 (3,247 - 942) and 2,294 (4,599 - 2,305) giving 2,305 (3,247 - 942) and 2,294 (4,599 - 2,305) giving 3 total fragments. 3 total fragments. EcoEcoRI and RI and EagEagI,I,PvuPvuIIII

Construct the plasmid

More Study QuestionsMore Study Questions

PCR makes gene cloning possible PCR makes gene cloning possible because it enables lab technicians to do because it enables lab technicians to do what very quickly?what very quickly?

If a plasmid is cut with a restriction If a plasmid is cut with a restriction enzyme 3 times how many linear enzyme 3 times how many linear fragments will it produce?fragments will it produce?

How will they be arranged on an How will they be arranged on an electrophoresis gel?electrophoresis gel?

But wait, there’s more!!But wait, there’s more!!

Explain what recombinant DNA is:Explain what recombinant DNA is: If a specific DNA code is removed from a If a specific DNA code is removed from a

bacteria and placed into another bacteria what is bacteria and placed into another bacteria what is this process called?this process called?

Why are restriction enzymes generally used in a Why are restriction enzymes generally used in a lab?lab?

Dinosaur DNA has been found in very few Dinosaur DNA has been found in very few fossils, scientists want to compare the dino DNA fossils, scientists want to compare the dino DNA to DNA of reptiles, what technique will they use to DNA of reptiles, what technique will they use to increase the amount of dino DNA?to increase the amount of dino DNA?

Complete the tableComplete the tableTechnique / tool Use

DNA polymeraseDNA polymerase

Separation of DNA Separation of DNA fragmentsfragments

DNA ligaseDNA ligase

Restriction enzyme Restriction enzyme [restriction endonuclease][restriction endonuclease]

Production of cDNA from Production of cDNA from mRNAmRNA

The Last One!!The Last One!!

Explain how a gene from humans can be Explain how a gene from humans can be cloned and produced in yeast, [what cloned and produced in yeast, [what process is similar]process is similar]