Reproduction Asexual Reproduction. New organisms develop from cells of the parent – identical to parent

ReproductionAsexual Reproduction

Asexual ReproductionNew organisms develop from cells of the parent identical to parent

Asexual ReproductionAll cells arise from other cells by cell division

MitosisThe exact duplication of the complete set of chromosomesSeparation of these chromosomes into two complete setsChromosome contains hereditary information of an organism

Chromatid one strand of a double-stranded chromosomeCentromere structure which joins the two chromatids togetherChromatidsCentromere

Mitosis Cytoplasmic division results in formation of two daughter cellsEach daughter cell contains exact number & type of chromosomes as parent cell

Mitosis The Process1) INTERPHASEReplication of each single-stranded chromosome during the non-dividing periodResults in a double-stranded chromosome

Mitosis The Process2) PROPHASEDisintegration of the nuclear membraneSynthesis of a spindle apparatus to help the division

Mitosis The Process3) METAPHASEAttachment of double-stranded chromosomes to spindle apparatus at centromere

Mitosis The Process4) ANAPHASEReplication of each centromereResults in formation of two single-stranded chromosomesChromosomes move along spindle apparatus to opposite ends of the cell

Mitosis The Process5) TELOPHASENuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomesCell pinches in

Plant Mitosis vs Animal MitosisSimilar process In animal cells:Centrioles form the spindle apparatusCytoplasmic division is a pinching in of cell membraneIn plant cell, a cell plate is synthesized

CancerGroup of diseases often characterized by uncontrolled cell division of certain abnormal cells

Asexual Reproduction1) Binary fissionEqual division of cell of an ameba, paramecium, bacteriumResult: Two equally sized organisms

Asexual Reproduction2) BuddingUnicellular organisms (yeast) similar to binary fission except cytoplasm division is unequalNew cells stay together (colony) or may detach

Asexual ReproductionMulticellular organisms (hydra) Production of multicellular outgrowth from parentDetach or form colony

Obelia colony

Asexual Reproduction3) SporulationSpores single, specialized cellsSurvive very well withstand tough conditions Released from parent & develop into new individualsEx- bread mold

Asexual Reproduction4) RegenerationDevelop of entire new organisms from part of parentEx starfish develop from single armAlso refers to replacement of lost structuresEx lobster regenerates a lost claw

Asexual ReproductionInvertebrate animals possess more undifferentiated cells than vertebratesMeans that invertebrates can regenerate easier than vertebrates

Asexual Reproduction5) Vegetative propagationNew plants develop from roots, stems, leaves of parent plant

Asexual ReproductionCuttings GeraniumBulbs OnionTubers PotatoRunners StrawberriesGrafting Seedless Orange