Biomolecules Biology 9(A). Pick up papers from lab station 3 –Reminder….a quiz cannot be...
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- Biomolecules Biology 9(A)
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- Pick up papers from lab station 3 Reminder.a quiz cannot be
corrected. We are considering various options for regaining
pointsthis is yet to be determined If you are thinking you should
move to regular Bio this week is the last week to make that
change.you must have my approval and a parents approval for this to
take place Go over quiz Review cells and begin biomolecules Today
in Pre-AP Biology
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- The quizmost often missed questions
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- Learning Objectives Compare structures and functions of
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Biomolecules
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- Biomolecules molecules produced by living organisms Vital to
life Molecules are the second level of organization Biomolecules
atomsmoleculescells
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- Four major types of biomolecules: Carbohydrates sugars and
starches Lipids fats, oils, and steroids Proteins structural
materials, enzymes, antibodies Nucleic Acids RNA and DNA
Biomolecules
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- Carbohydrates include sugars and starches Made of C, H, O
Monosaccharide subunit of carbohydrates mono one, saccharide sugar
Most common monosaccharide: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Structure of
Carbohydrates Glucose molecule
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- Disaccharide molecule formed by joining two monosaccharides
Created by dehydration synthesis Putting together by removing water
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose (malt sugar) Glucose + Fructose =
Sucrose (table sugar) Glucose + Galactose = Lactose (milk sugar)
Structure of Carbohydrates
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- Polysaccharide long chain of repeating sugar units Sugar
polymers Joined by dehydration synthesis Examples: starch,
glycogen, cellulose, chitin Structure of Carbohydrates
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- Structure relates to function: Carbohydrates contain many
carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds Net gain of energy when bonds are
broken Structure relates to function examples: Starch form of
stored energy in plants Provides reservoir of energy for future use
Found in seeds, roots, and stems specialized for food storage
Amylose, starch found in potatoes Functions of Carbohydrates
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- Structure relates to function examples: Glycogen form of stored
energy in humans Found in the liver and muscle cells Sometimes
called animal starch Cellulose forms tough, structural parts in
plants Composes plant cell walls Source of dietary fiber for humans
(cant be broken down) Chitin forms tough, structural parts in
arthropod shells and some fungi Acts as protective barrier
Functions of Carbohydrates
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- Lipids include fats, oils, and steroids Non-polar Hydrophobic -
insoluble in water Primarily made of C, H, O Less oxygen than in
carbohydrates Other atoms sometimes present Structure of Lipids
Image by Victor Blacus [GFDL]
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- Types of lipids: glycerides (fats and oils) Combination of
fatty acids and glycerol Structure of Lipids
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- Types of Lipids: glycerides (fats and oils) Saturated carbon
atoms have maximum number of hydrogen atoms Pack tightly, solid at
room temperature Fats Unsaturated - contain one or more
carbon-carbon double bonds, eliminating some hydrogen atoms Pack
loosely, liquid at room temperature Oils Structure of Lipids
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- Types of lipids: steroids Backbone has four fused carbon rings
Anabolic steroids Increase protein synthesis Cholesterol Maintains
shape and fluidity of cell membrane Contributes to cell signaling
Precursor to many important molecules Structure of Lipids
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- Structure relates to function: Contain many C H bonds Net
energy when broken Not water soluble Structure relates to function
examples: Component of cell membranes Phospholipid bilayer
maintains fluid structure of cell membrane Functions of Lipids
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- Structure relates to function examples: Reserve energy supply
Plants store oils in seeds Examples: corn oil, peanut oil, olive
oil Animals store fat (adipose tissue) under the skin Cushions the
body Insulates against heat loss Act as chemical messengers
(hormones) Prostaglandins lipid-based hormones Steroids Functions
of Lipids
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- Proteins include structural parts of cells, antibodies, and
enzymes Made of C, H, O, N Long polymers (made up of smaller units)
Amino acids structural units of proteins Structure of Proteins
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- Structure of amino acid Central carbon atom with four bonds
Branches on central atom Amino group (NH 2 ) Hydrogen (H)
Carboxylic acid (COOH) R group Specific to each 20 different amino
acids Structure of Proteins
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- Dipeptide two amino acids joined together by dehydration
synthesis with a peptide bond Formation of a Dipeptide:
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- Proteins are polymers Building block amino acid Polypeptides
fold and twist into proteins Structure of Proteins amino acid
dipeptidepolypeptide protein
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- Structure relates to function: Modular nature allows for
diversity R group changes amino acid Amino acid sequence changes
protein Different shapes result in different functions Coils or
helixes (wool) Pleated sheets (silk) Globules (hemoglobin)
Structure of Proteins
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- Structure relates to function examples: Fibrous fiber-like
Collagen: connective tissue Keratin: hair and nails Contractile
muscle tissue Globular compact, spherical Hormones chemical
messengers Antibodies protection Enzymes speed up complex chemical
reactions Transport substances Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the
blood Functions of Proteins
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- Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA Made of C, O, H, N, P Long
polymers (made up of smaller units) Nucleotide structural units of
nucleic acids Nucleotide made up of nitrogenous base, phosphate
group and 5-carbon sugar Structure of Nucleic Acids
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- Structure of nucleotide Components Phosphate group 5-carbon
sugar Nitrogenous base Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine (DNA only)
Uracil (RNA only) Structure of Nucleic Acid
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- DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Contains deoxyribose Bases Adenine
Guanine Cytosine Thymine Usually double-stranded RNA Ribonucleic
acid Contains ribose Bases Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil Usually
single-stranded DNA vs. RNA Structure
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- Structure relates to function: Complementary bonding allows for
replication Sequence of bases stores information Functions of
Nucleic Acids TACGTGCACGTTCTG ATGCACGTGCAAGAC UACGUGCACGUUCUG
Tyr-Val-His-Val-Leu DNA (transcription) RNA (translati on)
Protein
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- Structure relates to function examples: DNA hereditary material
Blueprint of genetic information Information in DNA is stored as a
sequence of bases RNA used to translate these bases during
synthesis of proteins Functions of Nucleic Acids
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- Comparison of Biomolecules BiomoleculeSubunitFunctionExample
Proteins Globular Amino acidsCatalysis; transportEnzymes;
Hemoglobin Fibrous Amino acidsSupportCollagen, elastin Nucleic
Acids DNA NucleotidesGenetic codeChromosomes RNA Nucleotides
Protein synthesis Enzymes Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Lipids
GlyceridesGlycerols and fatty acidsEnergy storageButter, corn oil
SteroidsCarbon ringsMessengers, fluidityCell membrane Carbohydrates
Starch MonosaccharaidesEnergy storage in plantsPotatoes
GlycogenMonosaccharaidesEnergy storage in animalsLiver product
CelluloseMonosaccharaidesStructural supportPaper, celery
strings
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- Learning Objectives Compare structures and functions of
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Biomolecules