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Biomolecules Biology 9(A)

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Pick up papers from lab station 3 Reminder.a quiz cannot be corrected. We are considering various options for regaining pointsthis is yet to be determined If you are thinking you should move to regular Bio this week is the last week to make that change.you must have my approval and a parents approval for this to take place Go over quiz Review cells and begin biomolecules Today in Pre-AP Biology

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The quizmost often missed questions

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Learning Objectives Compare structures and functions of Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Biomolecules

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Biomolecules molecules produced by living organisms Vital to life Molecules are the second level of organization Biomolecules atomsmoleculescells

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Four major types of biomolecules: Carbohydrates sugars and starches Lipids fats, oils, and steroids Proteins structural materials, enzymes, antibodies Nucleic Acids RNA and DNA Biomolecules

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Carbohydrates include sugars and starches Made of C, H, O Monosaccharide subunit of carbohydrates mono one, saccharide sugar Most common monosaccharide: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Structure of Carbohydrates Glucose molecule

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Disaccharide molecule formed by joining two monosaccharides Created by dehydration synthesis Putting together by removing water Glucose + Glucose = Maltose (malt sugar) Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (table sugar) Glucose + Galactose = Lactose (milk sugar) Structure of Carbohydrates

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Polysaccharide long chain of repeating sugar units Sugar polymers Joined by dehydration synthesis Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin Structure of Carbohydrates

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Structure relates to function: Carbohydrates contain many carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds Net gain of energy when bonds are broken Structure relates to function examples: Starch form of stored energy in plants Provides reservoir of energy for future use Found in seeds, roots, and stems specialized for food storage Amylose, starch found in potatoes Functions of Carbohydrates

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Structure relates to function examples: Glycogen form of stored energy in humans Found in the liver and muscle cells Sometimes called animal starch Cellulose forms tough, structural parts in plants Composes plant cell walls Source of dietary fiber for humans (cant be broken down) Chitin forms tough, structural parts in arthropod shells and some fungi Acts as protective barrier Functions of Carbohydrates

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Lipids include fats, oils, and steroids Non-polar Hydrophobic - insoluble in water Primarily made of C, H, O Less oxygen than in carbohydrates Other atoms sometimes present Structure of Lipids Image by Victor Blacus [GFDL]

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Types of lipids: glycerides (fats and oils) Combination of fatty acids and glycerol Structure of Lipids

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Types of Lipids: glycerides (fats and oils) Saturated carbon atoms have maximum number of hydrogen atoms Pack tightly, solid at room temperature Fats Unsaturated - contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, eliminating some hydrogen atoms Pack loosely, liquid at room temperature Oils Structure of Lipids

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Types of lipids: steroids Backbone has four fused carbon rings Anabolic steroids Increase protein synthesis Cholesterol Maintains shape and fluidity of cell membrane Contributes to cell signaling Precursor to many important molecules Structure of Lipids

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Structure relates to function: Contain many C H bonds Net energy when broken Not water soluble Structure relates to function examples: Component of cell membranes Phospholipid bilayer maintains fluid structure of cell membrane Functions of Lipids

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Structure relates to function examples: Reserve energy supply Plants store oils in seeds Examples: corn oil, peanut oil, olive oil Animals store fat (adipose tissue) under the skin Cushions the body Insulates against heat loss Act as chemical messengers (hormones) Prostaglandins lipid-based hormones Steroids Functions of Lipids

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Proteins include structural parts of cells, antibodies, and enzymes Made of C, H, O, N Long polymers (made up of smaller units) Amino acids structural units of proteins Structure of Proteins

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Structure of amino acid Central carbon atom with four bonds Branches on central atom Amino group (NH 2 ) Hydrogen (H) Carboxylic acid (COOH) R group Specific to each 20 different amino acids Structure of Proteins

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Dipeptide two amino acids joined together by dehydration synthesis with a peptide bond Formation of a Dipeptide:

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Proteins are polymers Building block amino acid Polypeptides fold and twist into proteins Structure of Proteins amino acid dipeptidepolypeptide protein

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Structure relates to function: Modular nature allows for diversity R group changes amino acid Amino acid sequence changes protein Different shapes result in different functions Coils or helixes (wool) Pleated sheets (silk) Globules (hemoglobin) Structure of Proteins

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Structure relates to function examples: Fibrous fiber-like Collagen: connective tissue Keratin: hair and nails Contractile muscle tissue Globular compact, spherical Hormones chemical messengers Antibodies protection Enzymes speed up complex chemical reactions Transport substances Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood Functions of Proteins

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Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA Made of C, O, H, N, P Long polymers (made up of smaller units) Nucleotide structural units of nucleic acids Nucleotide made up of nitrogenous base, phosphate group and 5-carbon sugar Structure of Nucleic Acids

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Structure of nucleotide Components Phosphate group 5-carbon sugar Nitrogenous base Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only) Structure of Nucleic Acid

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DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Contains deoxyribose Bases Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Usually double-stranded RNA Ribonucleic acid Contains ribose Bases Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil Usually single-stranded DNA vs. RNA Structure

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Structure relates to function: Complementary bonding allows for replication Sequence of bases stores information Functions of Nucleic Acids TACGTGCACGTTCTG ATGCACGTGCAAGAC UACGUGCACGUUCUG Tyr-Val-His-Val-Leu DNA (transcription) RNA (translati on) Protein

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Structure relates to function examples: DNA hereditary material Blueprint of genetic information Information in DNA is stored as a sequence of bases RNA used to translate these bases during synthesis of proteins Functions of Nucleic Acids

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Comparison of Biomolecules BiomoleculeSubunitFunctionExample Proteins Globular Amino acidsCatalysis; transportEnzymes; Hemoglobin Fibrous Amino acidsSupportCollagen, elastin Nucleic Acids DNA NucleotidesGenetic codeChromosomes RNA Nucleotides Protein synthesis Enzymes Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Lipids GlyceridesGlycerols and fatty acidsEnergy storageButter, corn oil SteroidsCarbon ringsMessengers, fluidityCell membrane Carbohydrates Starch MonosaccharaidesEnergy storage in plantsPotatoes GlycogenMonosaccharaidesEnergy storage in animalsLiver product CelluloseMonosaccharaidesStructural supportPaper, celery strings

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Learning Objectives Compare structures and functions of Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Biomolecules