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Biology 2
Exam 4 Lecture Packet
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Urochordata
Subphylum: Cephalochordata
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Vertebrate Adaptations
Chordate Evolution:
Key Fish Characteristics
All:
Most:
Classification:
Modes of Reproduction:
Oviparous:
Ovoviviparous:
Viviparous:
Gills:
Countercurrent Gas Exchange:
Osmoregulation
Endothermy:
Excretory System
Pronephros:
Mesonepros:
Fish Classification:
Superclass: Agnatha
Hagfish:
Lamprey:
Superclass: Gnathostomata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchi
Subclass: Holocephali
Sharks:
Order: Charcharhiniformes (210 species)
Order: Lamniformes (16 species)
Order Rajiformes (Skates)
Order Myliobatiformes (Rays)
Subclass: Holocephali
Osteichthyes
Class: Sarcopterygii
Class: Actinopterygii
Basic anatomy
Fish Classification
Class: Sarcopterygii
Coelocanths
Lungfish
Class: Actinopterygii
Infraclass: Holostei
Infraclass: Teleostei
Superorder: Osteoglossomorpha
Superorder: Elopomorpha
Superorder: Clupeomorpha
Superorder: Ostariphysi
Superorder: Protacanthopterygii
Superorder: Stenopterygii
Superorder: Scopelomorpha
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Origin of Tetrapods
Advantages of Terrestriality
Lungs and Double Circulatory System
Nasal Openings
Body Density
Girdles
Pectoral
Pelvic
Vertebrae
Ribs
Skull and Neck
Cervical vertebrae
Second vertebrae
“Fishapod” – Tiktaalik
Fish Features:
Tetrapod Features:
Class: Amphibia
Order: Urodela
Order: Anurans
Order: Anopodans
Thermoregulation
Ectotherm:
Endotherm:
Poikilotherm:
Homeotherm:
Heat Exchange
Conduction:
Convection:
Radiation:
Evaporation
Evolution of the Amniotic Egg
Amnion:
Yolk Sac
Albumin:
Allantois:
Chorion:
How Reptiles Differ from Amphibians
Reptile Classes:
Anapsids:
Synapsids:
Diapsids:
Class: Testidunes (Chelonia)
Class: Sphenodontia
Class: Squamata
Lizards:
Snakes:
Feeding Adaptations
Class: Crocodilia
Dinosaurs and Pterosaurs
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