Biology 2

Exam 4 Lecture Packet

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Urochordata

Subphylum: Cephalochordata

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Vertebrate Adaptations

Chordate Evolution:

Key Fish Characteristics

All:

Most:

Classification:

Modes of Reproduction:

Oviparous:

Ovoviviparous:

Viviparous:

Gills:

Countercurrent Gas Exchange:

Osmoregulation

Endothermy:

Excretory System

Pronephros:

Mesonepros:

Fish Classification:

Superclass: Agnatha

Hagfish:

Lamprey:

Superclass: Gnathostomata

Class: Chondrichthyes

Subclass: Elasmobranchi

Subclass: Holocephali

Sharks:

Order: Charcharhiniformes (210 species)

Order: Lamniformes (16 species)

Order Rajiformes (Skates)

Order Myliobatiformes (Rays)

Subclass: Holocephali

Osteichthyes

Class: Sarcopterygii

Class: Actinopterygii

Basic anatomy

Fish Classification

Class: Sarcopterygii

Coelocanths

Lungfish

Class: Actinopterygii

Infraclass: Holostei

Infraclass: Teleostei

Superorder: Osteoglossomorpha

Superorder: Elopomorpha

Superorder: Clupeomorpha

Superorder: Ostariphysi

Superorder: Protacanthopterygii

Superorder: Stenopterygii

Superorder: Scopelomorpha

Superorder: Acanthopterygii

Origin of Tetrapods

Advantages of Terrestriality

Lungs and Double Circulatory System

Nasal Openings

Body Density

Girdles

Pectoral

Pelvic

Vertebrae

Ribs

Skull and Neck

Cervical vertebrae

Second vertebrae

“Fishapod” – Tiktaalik

Fish Features:

Tetrapod Features:

Class: Amphibia

Order: Urodela

Order: Anurans

Order: Anopodans

Thermoregulation

Ectotherm:

Endotherm:

Poikilotherm:

Homeotherm:

Heat Exchange

Conduction:

Convection:

Radiation:

Evaporation

Evolution of the Amniotic Egg

Amnion:

Yolk Sac

Albumin:

Allantois:

Chorion:

How Reptiles Differ from Amphibians

Reptile Classes:

Anapsids:

Synapsids:

Diapsids:

Class: Testidunes (Chelonia)

Class: Sphenodontia

Class: Squamata

Lizards:

Snakes:

Feeding Adaptations

Class: Crocodilia

Dinosaurs and Pterosaurs