Biological Macromolecules Nature’s Building Blocks

Biological Macromolecul

esNature’s Building Blocks

Create a way to put these in order.

Describe how you put them in order! - Particles of matter

- Atoms- Elements- Ecosystems- Biospheres

- Molecules- Macromolecules- Cell organelles- Cells- Galaxies

- The Universe - Tissues

- Organs- Organisms- Populations

- Planets- Planetary Systems with Stars

Prior Knowledge Discussion- Particles of matter- Atoms- Elements- Molecules- Macromolecules- Cell organelles- Cells- Tissues- Organs- Systems- Organisms- Populations- Ecosystems- Biospheres- Planets- Planetary Systems with Stars- Galaxies- The Universe

Smallest to largest!All of that is possible because of atoms!

Prior Knowledge Discussion

• Describe the characteristics required to be considered a living organism.

1. Composed of cells2. Reproduce3. Contain DNA4. Grow and Develop5. Use and obtain energy6. Respond to their environment7. Maintain a stable internal environment

/eliminate Waste8. Evolve: change over time

If everything is made of molecules,

what are molecules made of?

•Atoms!

Prior Knowledge Discussion

Which Elements are the Building Blocks of Life?

Almost all life forms on Earth are primarilymade up of only four basic elements:

• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen• Nitrogen

(Phosphorous and Sulfur are also important in Biology)

Atoms are Elements!

Where are they Located on the Periodic

Table?

What are we Learning?Benchmark: SC.912L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular

structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules. AA

Definitions • Molecule: 2 or more atoms

chemically bonded togethero Example O2

• Compound: molecules that have more than 2 different elements chemically bonded togethero Example: H2O

Macromolecules are polymers

constructed of many organic

molecules called monomers.

• Monomer - small molecular subunit which joins (form covalent bonds) with similar units to form a polymer.

• Polymer - consists of up to millions of repeated, covalently linked monomers. It is a relatively small, simple molecule.

Life’s Macromolecules

• All key components of every living cell are made of macromolecules.

“Giant Molecules”• The four kinds of macromolecules:

1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids

What you need to know

• For each macromolecule, you need to know:1. The elements it contains (building

blocks)2. The monomer structure (draw it)3. Important functions4. Examples

• Complete a Frayer-model for the 4 classes of macromolecules

Frayer Model

1. fold paper as demonstrated2. Label each tab 1 macromolecule3. Draw the structure of the macromolecule

on the front of each tab under the name4. On the inside:

o Building blockso Monomer nameo Functiono Exampleso *special notes

Building Blocks:

Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in a 1:2:1 ratio

Function:

Main source of energy for living things

Structural purposes

Examples:

Monosaccharaides like glucose, galactose, and fructose

Polysaccharides like glycogen and starch

cellulose in cell walls

Components:

Polysccharides or monosccharides (large or small units)

Carbohydrates

C6H12O

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Carbohydrates (sugars)

• Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in a 1:2:1 ratioo Example: C6H12O6

• Made up of monomers called monosaccharide (simple sugars)

Carbohydrates• Basic structure: CnH2nOn

• Simple Carbs (monosaccharide) :o Glucoseo Fructoseo Galactoseo Ribose/deoxyribose

• Complex carbs (polysaccharide):o starch (bread, potatoes)o glycogen (beef muscle)o cellulose (lettuce, corn)

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Carbohydrates

• Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules.

• Examples:A. monosaccharideB. disaccharideC. polysaccharide

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Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide: one sugar unit

Examples: glucose (C6H12O6)

deoxyriboseriboseFructoseGalactose

glucose

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Carbohydrates

Disaccharide: two sugar unit

Examples: oSucrose

(glucose+fructose)oLactose

(glucose+galactose)oMaltose (glucose+glucose)glucoseglucose

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CarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many sugar

unitsExamples: starch (bread,

potatoes)glycogen (beef

muscle)cellulose

(lettuce, corn)

glucoseglucose

glucoseglucose

glucoseglucose

glucoseglucose

cellulose

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Building Blocks:

Mostly made from carbon and hydrogen atoms, some oxygen

Function:

The most important lipids are fats, which are energy storage molecules

Examples:

Fats, steroids, oils

Components:

A fat molecule consists of fatty acids joined to a molecule of glycerol = TRIGLYCERIDE (lipid monomer)

Lipids

Joined together by NON-POLAR COVALENT bonds

Glycerol Fatty Acid tail TRIGLYCERIDE

Monomers of Lipids are Triglycerides

ProteinsBuilding Blocks:

Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

Functions: Control the rate of reactions

Regulate cell processes

Form bones and muscles

Transport substances into or out of cells

Help to fight disease

Examples:

ENZYMES—Speed up reaction rates

Components:

Composed of long chains of monomer subunits called amino acids.

Protein Structure

1.Amino group

2.R-group

3.Carboxyl group

Monomer: AMINO ACID:

There are 20 different amino acids

Nucleic Acids

Building Blocks: Containing carbon, hydrogen,

oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.Function: Nucleic acids store and transmit

hereditary, or genetic information.

Examples: There are two types of nucleic

acids: DNA and RNA.

Nucleic AcidsComponents: Assembled from

individual monomers known as nucleotides.

Nucleotides consist of three parts: Five carbon sugar Phosphate group Nitrogenous base

Nucleotides (monomers) bond together to form DNA or RNA (polymer)

Making Polymers from Monomers

• CARBON can make 4 bonds with adjoining atoms

• When bonding two monomers together to make a polymer, DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS occurso Removal of 2 Hydrogen's (H)

and 1 Oxygen (O) = - H2O

Breaking Polymers• The opposite reaction occurs when we

break the bond between monomers

• This is called a HYDROLYSIS reaction, because the addition of H2O will split the molecule’s covalent bond

Dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) and Hydrolysis are reverse reactions

Building Macromolecules

Grab a lab packetGrab 2 partners (groups of 3)And listen for instructions