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2004 Pugwash Workshop
Biotechnology and sustainableBiotechnology and sustainableagriculture: agriculture: biofertilizersbiofertilizers and and
biopesticidesbiopesticides
Dr. Dr. Nicol Nicolááss Medina Basso Dr. Medina Basso Dr. Ondina Le Ondina Leóón Dn Dííazaz National Institute of National Center for National Institute of National Center for Agricultural Sciences Animal and Plant Health Agricultural Sciences Animal and Plant Health medina@inca.edu.cu ondina@censa.edu.cu
2004 Pugwash Workshop
SOMEINTRODUCTORY
REMARKS
2004 Pugwash Workshop
IMMEDIATE ANTECEDENTS
GREEN REVOLUTION (early 50´s XX century)
- Introduction of new, more attractive varieties (higher yields)
- Intensive use of agrochemicals (mineral fertilizers and pesticides)
- Progressive mechanization
- Increased monoculture
- Significant increases in crops yields
It seemed to be a suitable agricultural technology for highlydeveloped countries.
But....
2004 Pugwash Workshop
MAIN CONSEQUENCESMAIN CONSEQUENCES OF THEOF THE USE OFUSE OFTRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL MODELS FORTRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL MODELS FOR
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
- Depletion of natural resources.
- Incresed erosion and loss of natural fertility of soils.
- Sudden and frequently apparition of new pest and diseases.
- Colapse of hydric supply systems.
- Reduction of biomass production and biological diversity.
2004 Pugwash Workshop
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF HIGH RATES OFNITROGEN FERTILIZATION
Increased rates of soil organic matter mineralization
Decrease of soil organic matter pool
Modification of soil microbialcomposition and balance
Increased incidence ofpests and diseases
A decrease in crops yields and increased needs ofagrochemicals to rise soil fertility
and control pest and diseases
Decrease in soil fertilityIncrease soil compactation
2004 Pugwash Workshop
AN INTEGRATED CONCEPT OFSUSTAINABILITY IN AGRICULTURE
A new paradigma for agriculture, based on agroecologicalconcepts, being the agroecosystem the foundation stone,above which men with their experience and knowledge, asresults of the continuous advances in science and technology,manage soils, plants, animals and weather factors, in orderto satisfy the always growing and changing food needs ofmankind, without deteriorating the environment
2004 Pugwash Workshop
Characterization of a sustainable agroecosystem
����The one who allows conservation of renovable resources, cropsadaptation to environment and obtention of a high level ofproductivity. In this kind of agriculture, emphasis should be putmore on the long-term ecological sustainability than in short-term productivity, and must fulfil the following objectives:
- Utilization of production methods that restore the naturalmechanisms of community stability.
- Optimized recycling of organic matter and nutrients.
- Maximal utilization of system´s multiuse capacity.
- Reduction of energy and inputs comsumption.
- Decreasing of global costs.
2004 Pugwash Workshop
BIOFERTILIZERS
2004 Pugwash Workshop
890.4
224.1 240.7207.9
107.9 11881.1
164.4
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1989 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Est 2003
Mt
11 11 times lesstimes less
Evolution of mineral fertilizers consumption in Cubain the last 15 years
2004 Pugwash Workshop
SOME ALTERNATIVES TO THE USE OFMINERAL FERTILIZERS
✹ GREEN MANURES
✹ MANURES, COMPOSTS AND BIOEARTHS
✹ EARTH WORM MANURE
✹ CROP AND AGROINDUSTRIAL RESIDUES
✹ BIOFERTILIZERS
2004 Pugwash Workshop
POPULATION DENSITY AND BIOMASS OF THEMAIN GROUPS OF MICROOORGANISMS FOUND IN
SOILS (Average values)
Microorganism Population density Biomass
N. g-1 N. m-2 N. ha-1 kg. ha-1 % weight
Bacteria 108 1012 1024 2 000 0,100
Actinomycetes 106 108 1016 2 000 0,100
Fungi 105 105 1015 2 500 0,100
Algae 104 105 1015 500 0,005
Protozoa 104 108 1014 150 0.005
2004 Pugwash Workshop
SOIL MICROORGANISMS MAIN EFFECTSON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY
. Decay of organic residues with nutrients and CO2 release.
. Direct or indirect supply of nutrients to plants.
. Production of plant growth promoting substances.
. Enhancement of soil chemical and physical properties.
. Enaction of mutualistic symbiotic relationships with plants.
. Biological control of soil pest and diseases.
. Degradation of xenobiotic toxic compounds, mainly pesticides.
2004 Pugwash Workshop
ANNUAL ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN FIXATION
Fixation source 106 t N.year-1
Industrial (fertilizer production) 49 Atmospheric (electrochemical processes) 10 Other chemical processes 35 Total biological fixation 175 - Oceans 36 - Earth ecosystems 139 . Leguminous plants (140 kg N.ha-1.year-1) 35 . Rice ( 30 “ ) 4 . Pastures ( 15 “ ) 45 . Other crops ( 5 “ ) 5 . Forest ecosystems ( 10 “ ) 40 . Other ecosystems ( 2 “ ) 10
2004 Pugwash Workshop
A CONCEPT OF BIOFERTILIZERSA CONCEPT OF BIOFERTILIZERS
Biopreparates based on living soil-borne and endophiticmicroorganisms at rates of population several times higherthan those normally found in nature, which are able, bymean of their biological activity, to supply to plants,directly or indirectly, most of the nutrients they need fordevelopment, as well as plant growth promoting substances.
2004 Pugwash Workshop
General methodology for obtaining and using biofertilizers
Prospection, isolation and characterization of strains
Production of certified inoculant
Production of commercial inoculant
Inoculation
Seed coating technology(Direct sowing crops)
Field application(Nursery crops, seed-
beds, “in vitro”plantlets, perennial
crops, etc.Single
inoculationCombinedinoculation
(Coinoculation)
2004 Pugwash Workshop
Biofertilizers and bioestimulators developed in Cuba• DIMARGON (Azotobacter chroococcum)………………………………INIFAT• DIMAZOS (A. chroococcum)…………………………………………………….INIFAT• FOSFOSOL-P (A. chroococcum & other genera).…………………INIFAT• FOSFOSOL-B (A chroococcum & other genera).………………….INIFAT• FOSFORINA (Pseudomonas sp. & other genera).…………………I. SUELOS• FOSFORINA plus A (Pseudomonas sp. & other genera)……..I. SUELOS• FOSFORINA plus R (Pseudomonas sp. & other genera).…….I. SUELOS• BIOFER (Bradyrhizobium sp.)…………………………………………………..I. SUELOS• BRADYRIZOBIUM (Bradyrhizobium sp.)……………………………….I. PASTOS• AZOSPIRILLUM (Azospirillum brasilense)……………………………ICIDCA• AZOFERT-G (A. brasilense)………………………………………………………INCA• AZOFERT-L (Bradyrhizobium sp.)……………………………………………INCA• ECOMIC (Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)………………………………..INCA• MICOFER (Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)……………………………..IES• INDOLACETIC ACID………………………..……………………………………….ICIDCA• GIBBERELIC ACID……………………………………………………………………..ICIDCA• JASMONIC ACID……………………………………………………………………….ICIDCA• BIOBRAS (Brassinosteroids) …………………………………………………..UH/INCA• RIZOBAC (Metabolites from Bulkholderia cepacia)……………INCA
2004 Pugwash Workshop
PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OFBIOFERTILIZERS IN CUBA
(YEARLY AVERAGE FOR THE LAST DECADE)
Biofertilizer Production Surface (ha)
Rhizobium 10 t 15 000
Azotobacter 800 ML 15 000
Fosforina 80 ML 3 000
Arbuscular mycorrhiza 25 t 3 000
2004 Pugwash Workshop
AVERAGE DOSE FORSOLID BIOFERTILIZERS
1-5 kg/ha
AVERAGE DOSE FORLIQUID BIOFERTILIZERS
20 L/ha
2004 Pugwash Workshop
BIOPESTICIDES
IPMIPM
Philosophy that uses the best combinations of tactics of
management for pest limitingwith the minimum impact inenvironment and economy.
• Dynamic• Flexible
Philosophy that uses the best combinations of tactics of
management for pest limitingwith the minimum impact inenvironment and economy.
• Dynamic• Flexible
IPMIPMPhysicalPhysicalPhysical
ChemicalChemicalChemical
LegalLegalLegal
GeneticGenGeneticetic
CulturalCulturalCultural
EtologyEtologyEtology
BiologicalBiologicalBiological
BIOPESTICIDES:
� Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) formulations to control mainly lepidopteraespecies.
� Trichoderma sp mainly to control soil fungi
� Verticillium lechanii to control whiteflies, aphids, thrips and otherinsects
� Bauveria bassiana to control thrips and other insects
� Paecelomices fumosoroseus controlling different insects, mainlybeetles, fire ants and nematodes
� Corynebacterium paurometabolum to control nematodes and otherpests.
� Metarhizium anisopliae to control termites, various coleoptera insects,leafhoppers and aphids .
� Main bioproducts developed andcommonly used in Cuban agriculture
grass lands, rice andplantain
Lepidoptera andColeoptera
Metarhizium anisopliaestrain LBM-11
Tobacco, vegetables,ornamentals, grains
Phytophthora,Rhizoctonia, Phytium,
Sclerotium
Trichoderma harzianumTrichoderma spp.
Vegetables, roots andfruits.
Bemisia tabaciMyzus persicae
Verticillium lecaniistrain Y-57
Sugarcane,plantain,citrus, rice,potato,beans
Coleoptera (weevils),ants, Trips palmi
Beauveria bassianastrain LBB-1
Vegetables, roots andtuber, citrus, tobacco,potato, plantain, grasslands.
Lepidoptera, MitesBacillus thurigiensisstrains LBT-1, LBT-13,LBT-21, LBT-24
CropTargetBiological Control
Sweet potatoCylas formicariusPheidole megacephala
Corn, sugarcaneSpodoptera frugiperdaTelenomus spp.
BeanBemisia sppEncarcia spp.
Cassava, banana,plantain
MitesPhytoseiulus macropilis
Sugarcane,tobacco, Cassava,cabbage,cucumber
LepidopteraTrichogramma pretiosum,T. pintoiTrichogramma spp
CropsPestBiological Control
For 1 Million of Hectares
Production: 1000 – 3000
T/year
Biological agents
CREE:- MMMMIIIINNNNAAAAGGGG: 132 working and 11 in
construction; 3 industrial plants(one almost finished).
- MMMMIIIINNNNAAAAZZZZ: 53 working.
IIIInnnnddddiiiiccccaaaattttoooorrrrssss ooooffff uuuusssseeee::::-4,5 kg/ha biopests.-30,0 th/ha entomophagous
CREE: General CharacteristicsCREE: General Characteristics
�� Location Location
�� Workers: Woman Workers: Woman�� Materials Materials�� Strains and Insects populations. Strains and Insects populations.�� Facilities Facilities�� Diversification Diversification�� Technologies Technologies�� Distribution Distribution�� Popularization and Capacity building Popularization and Capacity building�� Quality Control.Quality Control.
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
Th
ou
san
d
of
Ha
.
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
4,200
21,100
7,900
1,900
0
5
10
15
20
25
1990 1998 2002 2003
To
n
11.1 11.1 Times LessTimes Less
Urban Agriculture: 28 Sub-programsUrban Agriculture: 28 Sub-programs
Vegetables and Fresh Condiments
24.5 57.3 140.0
478.5
872.1
1681.2
2370.2
3345.0 3500.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Plan2003
U.M:Mt
2003: 3.5 MMt Plan 2004: 3.7 MMt
Losses per 70 millions of USD/Year in the World
High losses in Vegetable Crops under Tunnel in Cuba
RKN Pc
RFLP
Specific Primer
• Identity
• Biodiversity
• Mass Production (Control Quality)
• Post Release Monitor
New challenger: Real Time PCR
Different forms of presentation of theended product and application in thefield.
Toxicological and Eco-Toxicological and Eco-
toxicological studiestoxicological studies
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