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Contents
Preface ix
Foreword xiList of Contributors xiii
1. Current Bioenergy Researches: Strengthsand Future Challenges 1
NAVEEN KUMAR MEKALA, RAVICHANDRA POTUMARTHI,
RAMA RAJU BAADHE, VIJAI K. GUPTA
Introduction 1Biopellets 3Bioethanol 3Biodiesel 9Biogas 14Conclusion 17References 18
2. Bioenergy Research: An Overview onTechnological Developments and Bioresources 23
VIJAI K. GUPTA, RAVICHANDRA POTUMARTHI,
ANTHONIA O’DONOVAN, CHRISTIAN P. KUBICEK,
GAURI DUTT SHARMA, MARIA G. TUOHY
Introduction 23Current Bioenergy Practices 25Main Biofuel Technologies and Current Processes 26Technological Routes for Bioenergy Production 28Bioenergy Resources and Biofuels Development Program 33Sustainability 36Conclusions 41References 41
3. Use of Agroindustrial Residuesfor Bioethanol Production 49
LUIZ J. VISIOLI, FABIANE M. STRINGHINI, PAULO R.S. SALBEGO,
DANIEL P. CHIELLE, GABRIELLY V. RIBEIRO, JULIANA M. GASPAROTTO,
BRUNO C. AITA, RODRIGO KLAIC, JESSICA M. MOSCON,
MARCIO A. MAZUTTI
Introduction 49Raw Material 50Sugar Production and Fermentation 52Concluding Remarks 55References 55
4. Recent Advancements in PretreatmentTechnologies of Biomass to Produce Bioenergy 57
IRMENE ORTIZ, RODOLFO QUINTERO
Lignocelullosic Biomass 57Pretreatment of Lignocelullosic Biomassfor Biofuels Production 58Types of Pretreatments 58Trends in Pretreatments 62Pretreatment Modeling 65Environmental and Economical Aspects 65Concluding Remarks 66References 66
5. Biofuels and Bioproducts Produced throughMicrobial Conversion of Biomass 71
TRENT CHUNZHONG YANG, JYOTHI KUMARAN,
SAMUEL AMARTEY, MIRANDA MAKI, XIANGLING LI,
FAN LU, WENSHENG QIN
Lignocellulosic Biomass and its Pretreatment 72Commonly used Microorganisms for BiologicalPretreatment 73Strategies of Using Microbial Pretreatment to Enhance SugarRelease for Biofuel and Bioproduct Production 79References 87
6. Databases for Bioenergy-Related Enzymes 95YANBIN YIN
Plant Biomass 95Bioenergy-Related Enzymes and Regulation 96Databases and Web Servers 98Future Perspectives 103References 103
7. Isobutanol Production from Bioenergy Crops 109THADDEUS CHUKWUEMEKA EZEJI, NASIB QURESHI,
VICTOR UJOR
Background/Introduction 109Keto Acid Pathways for Higher Alcohol Production 110Biochemistry of Isobutanol Fermentation 112
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Metabolic Engineering of Microorganisms for IsobutanolProduction 113Feasibility of Using Bioenergy Crops as SustainableFeedstocks for Isobutanol Production 114Technologies that Have Been Developed for SimultaneousButanol Fermentation and Recovery 115Conclusion and Future Perspective 116References 116
8. Lipase-Catalyzed Biodiesel Production:Technical Challenges 119
RAMA RAJU BAADHE, RAVICHANDRA POTUMARTHI,
VIJAI K. GUPTA
Introduction 119Chemistry of Biodiesel 120Transesterification 120Disadvantages of Chemical Transesterification 120Advantages of Using Lipases in Biodiesel Production 121Historical Background of Lipase 121Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterification Donein two Approaches 121Advantages of Immobilized Lipase 122Technical Challenges 123Feedstock 123Choice of Enzyme 124Molar Ratio (Alcohol/Oil) 124Temperature 124Water Content 126Acyl Acceptors 126Solvents 126Reactor System 126Conclusions 127References 127
9. Bioelectrochemistry of MicrobialFuel Cells and their Potential Applications
in Bioenergy 131MINGHUA ZHOU, JIE YANG, HONGYU WANG, TAO JIN,
DANIEL J. HASSETT, TINGYUE GU
Introduction 132Bioelectrochemistry of MFC 132Biofilm Electrochemistry for Enhanced MFC Performance:A Molecular Biology Perspective 139MFCs for Wastewater Treatment with ConcomitantElectricity Production 143Summary and Perspectives 147References 147
10. Second-Generation Biofuel from High-EfficiencyAlgal-Derived Biocrude 153
RHYKKA CONNELLY
Introduction 153Microalgal Biofuel History 154
Microalgae Biomass/Biofuel ProductiondCultivation 155Phototrophic Microalgae 155Heterotrophic Microalgae 155Nutrients 156Contamination 156Mixing 156Culture Techniques 156Open-Pond Culture 157Photobioreactors 157Processing Microalgal Biomassfor Biofuels 158Microalgal Biomass to Biofuels 158Biodiesel 158Production of Biodiesel from Microalgae 159Comparison of Biodiesel to Petrodiesel 160Bioethanol 161Bioethanol Production Process 161Biomethane 164Biohydrogen 165Biocrude 166Properties of Subcritical Water 166Hydrothermal Catalytic Liquefaction 167HTL Summary and Outlook 167Conclusions 167References 168
11. Microalgae: The Tiny Microbes witha Big Impact 171
SHOVON MANDAL, NIRUPAMA MALLICK
Renewable Energy 171Petroleum Fuel Scenario in India 172Biodiesel 172Microalgae: Viable Feedstocks for Biodiesel 173Selection of Potent Strains 173Genetic Engineering Approach 175Microalgal Biodiesel Production 177Fatty Acid Methyl Esters and FuelProperties 179Waste Utilization for Biodiesel Production:A Case Study with Scenedesmus Obliquusin a Recirculatory Aquaculture System 179Concluding Remarks 181References 181
12. Biobased Fats (Lipids) and Oils from Biomassas a Source of Bioenergy 185
CIARAN JOHN FORDE, MARIE MEANEY, JOHN BOSCO CARRIGAN,
CLIVE MILLS, SUSAN BOLAND, ALAN HERNON
Introduction 185Sources of Biolipids 186Supply and Projected/Purrent Volume 190Energy Balance 192Processing of Biolipids and Properties ofBiolipid-Derived Biofuels 193Properties of Pure Plant Oil 195
CONTENTSvi
Properties of Biodiesel 196Biomass to Liquid Fuels (Bio-oil) 197Conclusion 198References 198
13. Use of Volatile Solids from Biomassfor Energy Production 203
W.J. OOSTERKAMP
Introduction 204Biodegradability 204Addition of Macro- and Micronutrients 204Addition of Microbes 205Addition of Enzymes 206Pretreatments 207Longer Retention Times 207Energy Crops 207Food Processing Residues 207Crop Residues 209Spent Bedding 209Kitchen and Garden Waste 209Aquatic Weeds 209Digestion Systems 211Increase in Solids Content in Wet Digesters 212Loading and Unloading of Digesters 212Treatment of Digestate in WetDigesters 212Use of Methane 213Chemical Conversion of Volatile Solids 213Thermal Conversion of VolatileSolids 214Discussion 214Conclusions 214References 215
14. Biorefinery Systems: An Overview 219MARIA GAVRILESCU
IntroductiondBiorefinery, Conceptsand Emerging Opportunities for Sustainable Economy 219Short History of Biorefineries and Bio-Based Products 221Biomass Feedstock 221Structure of Biorefinery Concept 224Biorefinery Platforms 227Biorefinery Eco-Efficiency 231Concluding Remarks and Perspectives 236References 239
15. Catalytic Thermochemical Processes forBiomass Conversion to Biofuels
and Chemicals 243LIN MEI WU, CHUN HUI ZHOU, DONG SHEN TONG, WEI HUA YU
Introduction 243Pyrolysis of Biomass 244Gasification of Biomass 247
Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass 248Conclusion 251References 251
16. Applications of Heterogeneous Catalysts in theProduction of Biodiesel by Esterification and
Transesterification 255LUIZ P. RAMOS, CLAUDINEY S. CORDEIRO,
MARIA APARECIDA F. CESAR-OLIVEIRA, FERNANDO WYPYCH,
SHIRLEY NAKAGAKI
Introduction 255Heteropolyacids 257Zeolites 258Clay Minerals 260Layered Materials 265Polymeric Catalysts 269Concluding Remarks 272References 272
17. Lignocellulose-Based Chemical Products 277ED DE JONG, RICHARD J.A. GOSSELINK
Introduction 278Occurrence and Composition of LignocellulosicBiomass 278Cellulose 280Hemicelluloses 280Lignin 283Pretreatment Technologies 286Pretreatment Technologies Still at aLaboratory/Conceptual Stage 290Lignocellulosic BiorefineriesdClassification 292C6 and C6/C5 Sugar Platform 295Lignin Platform 296Importance of Furans and Aromatics as Building Blocks forChemicals and Fuels 297Carbohydrate Dehydration 298Conversion of Technical Lignins intoMonoaromatic Chemicals 305Conclusions and Further Perspectives 309References 309
18. Industrial Lignins: Analysis, Properties, andApplications 315
ALEX BERLIN, MIKHAIL BALAKSHIN
The Potential of Technical Lignins as a RenewableRaw Material Feedstock 315Technical Lignins: Production, Properties, and Analysis 318Technical Lignins: Traditional and Emerging Applications 332Conclusions 333References 333
CONTENTS vii
19. Amino-Based Products from Biomass andMicrobial Amino Acid Production 337
K. MADHAVAN NAMPOOTHIRI, VIPIN GOPINATH, M. ANUSREE,
NISHANT GOPALAN, KIRAN S. DHAR
Amino Acids 337Aspartame 341Poly(Amino Acid)s 341Polyamines 345Conclusion and Perspectives 349References 349
20. Production of Phytochemicals, Dyes and Pigmentsas Coproducts in Bioenergy Processes 353
HANSHU DING, FENG XU
Industrial Phytochemicals 353Production of Industrial Phytochemicals 358Coproduction of Phytochemicals in Bioenergy Processes 361References 363
21. Recent Developments on Cyanobacteriaand Green Algae for Biohydrogen
Photoproduction and Its Importance in CO2
Reduction 367Y. ALLAHVERDIYEVA, E.M. ARO, S.N. KOSOUROV
Introduction 367Mechanisms of Hydrogen Photoproduction 368Hydrogen Photoproduction by Cyanobacteria 372Hydrogen Photoproduction by Green Algae 375References 382
22. Engineered Cyanobacteria: Researchand Application in Bioenergy 389
GUSTAVO B. LEITE, PATRICK C. HALLENBECK
Introduction 389Engineering Cyanobacteria 392Cyanobacteria as a Production System for Biofuels: CurrentStatus 393Conclusion and Outlook 403References 403
23. Sustainable Farming of Bioenergy Crops 407ADRIAN MULLER
Introduction 407Criteria for Sustainable Farming and Sustainable FoodSystems 409What is Sustainable Bioenergy Production? 410How Much Bioenergy may be Produced Sustainably? 412
Conclusions 415References 415
24. Bioenergy Technology and Food Industry WasteValorization for Integrated Production of
Polyhydroxyalkanoates 419VASILIKI KACHRIMANIDOU, NIKOLAOS KOPSAHELIS, COLIN WEBB,
APOSTOLIS A. KOUTINAS
Introduction 419PHA Structure and Properties 420PHA Production Integrated in Biorefinery Concepts 421Conclusions and Future Perspectives 430References 430
25. Advances and Innovations in Biochar Productionand Utilization for Improving Environmental
Quality 435CHARLES HYLAND, AJIT K. SARMAH
Introduction 435Properties of Biochar 436Utilization of Biochar for Environmental Quality 438Postpyrolysis Indirect Application of Biochar 440Conclusions, Knowledge Gaps, and Research Needs 443References 444
26. Biochar Processing for Sustainable Development inCurrent and Future Bioenergy Research 447
MARK P. MCHENRY
Introduction 447Theoretical Income Streams 448Agricultural Benefits 450Economic Analysis 451Conclusion 454Disclaimers 455References 455
27. Development of Thermochemical and BiochemicalTechnologies for Biorefineries 457
MICHAEL P. GARVER, SHIJIE LIU
Introduction 457Characteristics of Lignocellulosic Biomass 458An Overview on Biomass Conversion 461PretreatmentdBiomass Size Reduction by Physical orMechanical Methods 462Hydrolysis 476BioconversiondConverting Sugars to Products 477Thermochemical Conversion 478Conclusion 482References 482
Index 489
CONTENTSviii
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