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BehaviourismCognitivismConstructivism
Learn
ing
Th
eory
BehaviourismSkinner. Early c20
Antecedant Behaviour
Consequence
- +
Newcastle United Football Club
Stimulus
0 = x2 + 3x + 2
Newcastle United Football Club
0 = x2 + 3x + 2
Response
X=-1,-2
Aarrgghh !!
Ha !
Haway the lads !
…after learning…
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The FactsSkinner defined learning as change in observable behaviour
Classes of behaviour (1) operant (2) respondent
Evidence of learning outcomes only measurable from students’ behaviour
No consideration of mental processes involved
Learning happens when a correct response is shown following the presentation of a stimulus.
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sm Toolbook demo
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ApplicationsDrill and practice
Recalling Facts
Use of consequences … HINTS
Chaining of complex behaviours - better in elementary school than HE, better in prison than in workplace ! (Driscoll)
Personalised System of Instruction (PSI) Fred Keller (1968) - Modular degrees each with behavioural objectives. Emphasis on individual study.
Good Solutions
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+
A tricky exercise
Partial Success
Hint, Encouragement
+
Exercises
Example Solution
+ve Reinforcement
Exercise
Solution 1
Feedback
Solution 2
Solution 3+
-
-
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Shaping
Read Recipe Weigh out Ingredients
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Chaining
Mix Ingredients
Form Pasta
Raw Pasta Cooked Pasta
BehaviourismCognitivismConstructivism
Learn
ing
Th
eory
CognitivismMid c20
Information Processing Model
Human mind functions line a computer
Goal - Understanding of Human Mind
Cog
nit
ivis
mThe Facts
Concerned with internal processes
Senses + lower levels of mind make representations
Higher levels of mind work on these ‘symbols’
Cog
nit
ivis
mVisual
SystemTop-down processing
Bottom-up processing
Image data
‘Pipe’
Cog
nit
ivis
mSymbol
ProcessorPipeMouth
Holmes
Tobacco
Health Warning
PiagetLearning
Theory
Cog
nit
ivis
mSchema’s
Pipe
Drinking
Holmes
Tobacco
Health Warning
Piaget Learning
Theory
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