Basic Anatomy and Biomechanics PE 254. Functions of the Musculoskeletal System Gives the body shape...

Basic Anatomy and Basic Anatomy and BiomechanicsBiomechanics

PE 254PE 254

Functions of the Functions of the Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System

Gives the body shapeGives the body shape Protects internal organsProtects internal organs Provides for movementProvides for movement Consists of more than 600 musclesConsists of more than 600 muscles

AnatomyAnatomy

MusclesMuscles - provide movement & - provide movement &

generate heat.generate heat.

LigamentsLigaments - connect bone to bone- connect bone to bone

injury = spraininjury = sprain

TendonsTendons - connect bone to muscle- connect bone to muscle

injury = straininjury = strain

BonesBones - protection & shape- protection & shape

The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

Gives form to the bodyGives form to the body

Protects vital organsProtects vital organs

Consists of 206 bonesConsists of 206 bones

Acts as a framework for attachment of Acts as a framework for attachment of musclesmuscles

Designed to permit motion of the bodyDesigned to permit motion of the body

The SkullThe Skull

The NeckThe Neck

The Spinal ColumnThe Spinal Column

Structure of the Spine

The ThoraxThe Thorax

The PelvisThe Pelvis

The Lower ExtremityThe Lower Extremity

HipHip

ThighThigh

KneeKnee

LegLeg

AnkleAnkle

FootFoot

The Upper ExtremityThe Upper Extremity

Shoulder girdleShoulder girdle

ArmArm

ElbowElbow

ForearmForearm

WristWrist

HandHand

JointsJoints

Degree of movementDegree of movement Synarthrosis – immovable joint Synarthrosis – immovable joint

(ex: the skull)(ex: the skull) Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable jointAmphiarthrosis – slightly movable joint

(ex: fibrocartilaginous disc between the (ex: fibrocartilaginous disc between the vertebrae; ligament or membrane links the vertebrae; ligament or membrane links the two bones such as scapula to the clavicle)two bones such as scapula to the clavicle)

Diarthrosis – freely movable joint Diarthrosis – freely movable joint

(ex: hip or shoulder joint)(ex: hip or shoulder joint)

Diarthrosis JointsDiarthrosis Joints

Examples of Diarthrosis JointsExamples of Diarthrosis Joints

Types of Muscle Types of Muscle (1 of 3)(1 of 3)

Skeletal (voluntary) muscle Skeletal (voluntary) muscle

Attached to the bones of the bodyAttached to the bones of the body

Smooth (involuntary) muscleSmooth (involuntary) muscle

Carry out the automatic muscular functions Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the bodyof the body

Types of Muscle Types of Muscle (2 of 3)(2 of 3)

Smooth (involuntary) muscleSmooth (involuntary) muscle

Carry out the automatic muscular functions Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the bodyof the body

Types of Muscle Types of Muscle (3 of 3)(3 of 3)

Cardiac muscleCardiac muscle

Involuntary muscleInvoluntary muscle

Has own blood supply and electrical Has own blood supply and electrical systemsystem

Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periodsfor only very short periods

Human Body Muscle DiagramHuman Body Muscle Diagram

Muscle GroupsMuscle Groups

Because a single muscle usually does not act Because a single muscle usually does not act alone when it exerts tension in normal body alone when it exerts tension in normal body movement, it acts as one member of the team of movement, it acts as one member of the team of muscles that partially or wholly can control or muscles that partially or wholly can control or contribute to the joint movement occurring. contribute to the joint movement occurring. Therefore, it is convenient and adequate in most Therefore, it is convenient and adequate in most cases of gross muscular analysis to refer to the cases of gross muscular analysis to refer to the action of “groups of individual muscles” rather action of “groups of individual muscles” rather than trying to name each one that is or might than trying to name each one that is or might acting. acting.

Examples of Muscle GroupsExamples of Muscle Groups

Elbow flexors/extensorsElbow flexors/extensors

Knee flexors/extensorsKnee flexors/extensors

Shoulder abductors/adductorsShoulder abductors/adductors

Shoulder flexors/extensorsShoulder flexors/extensors

Hip flexors/extensorsHip flexors/extensors

Hip abductors/adductorsHip abductors/adductors

Standard Reference TerminologyStandard Reference TerminologyAnatomical Reference PositionAnatomical Reference Position

Erect standing position with all body parts, Erect standing position with all body parts, including the palms of the hands, facing including the palms of the hands, facing forward; considered the starting position forward; considered the starting position for body segment movementsfor body segment movements

Basic Joint ArticulationsBasic Joint Articulations

FlexionFlexion

ExtensionExtension

AAbdbduction uction

AAdddductionuction

Pronation (elbow and forearm)Pronation (elbow and forearm)

Supination (elbow and forearm)Supination (elbow and forearm)

Standard Reference TerminologyStandard Reference TerminologyDirectional TermsDirectional Terms

SuperiorSuperior

InferiorInferior

AnteriorAnterior

PosteriorPosterior

MedialMedial

LateralLateral

ProximalProximal

DistalDistal

SuperficialSuperficial

DeepDeep

Standard Reference TerminologyStandard Reference TerminologyAnatomical Reference PlanesAnatomical Reference Planes

Cardinal planes – 3 imaginary Cardinal planes – 3 imaginary perpendicular reference planes that divide perpendicular reference planes that divide the body in half by massthe body in half by mass Sagittal planeSagittal plane Frontal planeFrontal plane Transverse planeTransverse plane

Standard Reference TerminologyStandard Reference TerminologyAnatomical Reference AxesAnatomical Reference Axes

An imaginary axis of rotation that passes An imaginary axis of rotation that passes through a joint to which it is attachedthrough a joint to which it is attached Mediolateral axisMediolateral axis Anterioposterior axisAnterioposterior axis Longitudinal axisLongitudinal axis

2-5

2-6

Sagittal plane movementsSagittal plane movements

2-8

Frontal Plane MovementsFrontal Plane Movements

2-13

Transverse Plane MovementsTransverse Plane Movements

2-16

Other MovementsOther Movements

2-19

PLANES of MotionPLANES of Motion AXES of RotationAXES of Rotation

SAGGITALSAGGITAL(FRONT TO BACK MAKING TWO HALVES, (FRONT TO BACK MAKING TWO HALVES, LEFT AND RIGHT)LEFT AND RIGHT)

MEDIOLATERALMEDIOLATERAL

FRONTALFRONTAL(SIDE TO SIDE MAKING TWO HALVES, FRONT (SIDE TO SIDE MAKING TWO HALVES, FRONT AND BACK)AND BACK)

ANTERIOPOSTERIORANTERIOPOSTERIOR

TRANSVERSETRANSVERSE(TRANSVERSE MAKING TWO HALVES, TOP (TRANSVERSE MAKING TWO HALVES, TOP AND BOTTOM)AND BOTTOM)

LONGITUDINALLONGITUDINAL

Planes of Motion and Axes of RotationPlanes of Motion and Axes of Rotation

What could a biomechanist do to What could a biomechanist do to improve sport performance?improve sport performance?

Group ActivityGroup Activity

Group 1: Lunges.Group 1: Lunges.Group 2: Standing broad jump.Group 2: Standing broad jump.Group 3: Discus throw.Group 3: Discus throw.Group 4: 100-meter sprint from the starting Group 4: 100-meter sprint from the starting block.block.Group 5: Push-ups.Group 5: Push-ups.Group 6: Shoulder press with barbells.Group 6: Shoulder press with barbells.Group 7: Free throws in basketball.Group 7: Free throws in basketball. Group 8: Javelin throw.Group 8: Javelin throw.Group 9: Bench press with straight bar.Group 9: Bench press with straight bar.Group 10: Field-goal kick in football. Group 10: Field-goal kick in football.

Group ActivityGroup Activity

Identify the following:Identify the following:

1. Joint(s) involved in activity1. Joint(s) involved in activity

2. Muscle group(s) involved in activity2. Muscle group(s) involved in activity

3. Plane(s) of motion3. Plane(s) of motion

4. Axis(es) of rotation4. Axis(es) of rotation

RemindersReminders

No class on Monday, September 6No class on Monday, September 6thth in in observance of Labor Dayobservance of Labor Day

Quiz 2 on Wednesday, September 8Quiz 2 on Wednesday, September 8thth