AWRB Source Book-2

On Africa’s River BasinOrganisation

Source Book

Volume One

January 2007

Contents

1 Introduction................................... Page6

2 Preface...................................................5

3. MapofRiverandLakeBasins................9

4. TableofSummaryofMajorBasins.......10

5. TableofSummaryofMinorBasins....... 11

6. Congoriverbasin..................................137. Gambiariverbasin................................16

8. IncomaputoRiverbasin........................18

9. Juba-ShabelliRiverbasin.....................22

10. KomatiRiverbasin................................24

11. KuneneRiverbasin.................................2

12. LakeChadRiverbasin..........................32

13. LakeVictoriaRiverBasin......................36

14. LimpopoRiverbasin.............................40

15. NigerRiverbasin..................................44

16. Nileriverbasin......................................49

17. OkavangoRiverbasin...........................55

18. OrangeRiverbasin...............................59

19. RuvumaRiverbasin..............................63

20. Senegalriverbasin...............................65

21. VoltaRiverbasin...................................70

22. Zambeziriverbasin..............................78

23. MapofTrans-BoundaryAquifers..........78

24. TableofTrans-boundaryAquifers.........79

African River Basins

Preface TheSourcebookonAfrica’sRiverBasinOrganizations(RBO)volume1drafthasbeenproducedbyWarnerConsultantsLtdofKampalaUgandaasadeskstudyonbehalfofAfricanNetworkofBasinOrganizations(ANBO),AfricanMinistersCouncilonWa-ter(AMCOW)andGTZ.Itprovidesacom-prehensivecompendiumofinformationonAfrica’sRiverBasinOrganizationswhichareinternationalbodiesthatruntheriverorgani-zations.Theinformationisgiveninfactsheetspecificallydesignedandstructuredtocap-tureinformationrangingfromadministrativeaspectsoftheorganizationstodevelopmentofmemberstatesandstakeholders.SomescantyinformationonAfrica’sTrans-Bound-aryaquifersisalsoavailable. TheSourcebookisintendedtofacilitatesharingofexperience,learningfromeachotherandinformationexchangeamong

RBOs.Inturnthisisexpectedtoenhanceef-fectivenessandperformanceoftheorganiza-tionsultimatelyresultingintherealizationofequitableandsustainableutilizationofbasinresources.Thesourcebookshouldbecontin-uouslyupdatedifitistoachievethosenoblegoals.Allwatersectorplanners,managersandusersinthevariousorganizationsarere-questedtostudythesourcebookandsubmitcorrectionsand/oradditionstotheauthorsthroughGTZ. FinallythesourcebookshouldprovideacompendiumofdataonAfrica’shydrologeo-logicalbasinstofacilitatebetterknowledgeandimprovedgovernanceofthebasinslead-ingtoIntegratedWaterResourcesManage-mentonthecontinentforthebenefitofall.

Preface

Insectiontwoamodeldata/factsheetrecordingallthedifferenttypesofinformationaboutatypicalAfricanriverbasinorganizationisdeveloped.ThefactsheetisspeciallyformattedtocapturemostinformationonAfricantransboundarywaterorganizations.Allestablishedriverbasinorganizationsandlesssophisticatedcooperativestructuresthatareinstrumentaltothedevelopmentoftransboundarywaterregimesarecovered.Eachfactsheetincludesthesameinformationcategoriestostructuretheinformationuniformlyandgivethereaderinsightsintothestatusofcooperation,theorganizationalstructure,andthemandatesandfunctions.Thepresentcategoriesarenotexclusiveandcouldbeextendedorreducedifappropriateandwished.Referencesandlinkswillbelistedintheannexestoprovidemoredetailedinformationandaccesstoinstructivedocuments.

TheSourcebookisstilltobecompletedandwillbeupdatedandrevisedatregularintervalsthereafter.Neworganizationsandthosewithoutanyormuchinformationcurrentlywillbeadded,andnewissueswhichRBOrepresentativesfeelshouldbeincludedinthesourcebookwillbeincorporatedinthefinalversionofthedocument.Thefinalversionmaybepublishedasahardcopyordistributedelectronically(CD-ROMorwebsite).

ToensurethattheSourcebookbecomesarealandvitalsourceofinformation,itseditorswilldevelopandensureclosecontactwiththoserunningexistingandnewlyemergingriverandlakebasinorganizations,regionalorganizations,andthedonorcommunity,whichiscrucialforprovidingreliableandupdatedinformation.

1.0 IntroductionTheSourcebookonAfrica’sRiverBasinOrganizationsprovidesinformationonthestatusofcooperationonAfricanriversandlakesandinformationonthemanagementoftransboundarysurfaceandgroundwaterresources.Theintroductionconsistsoftwoparts,sectiononeandsectiontwo.

Sectiononeismoreanalyticalinnatureandcompriseofthematiccommentsonrecentdevelopmentsonthecontinent,commonchallenges,andissuestobesolvedbyTrans-Boundary(andnational)institutions.Itexaminesselectedtopicssuchasthestructuresandmodesoforganizationoftheseinstitutionsandanyotherrelevanttheme.

Whererelevantdatacouldbesourcedfinancingarrangementsoftheriver/lakebasinorganizations,informationanddatasharing,notificationandproceduresofdisputesettlement,andchallengesrelatedwiththeparticipationofstakeholderareoutlined.Benefitsharinganditsactualrelevanceforcooperationontran-sboundarysurfaceandgroundwaterresources,therelationbetweenRiverBasinOrganizations(RBO)anddevelopmentaidarealsocaptured.

MaterialcontainedintheSourcebookwereobtainedfromdiversesourcesincludingregionalandinternationalorganizationssuchastheAfricanUnion(AU),Africa’sMinistersCouncilonWater(AMCOW),riverandlakebasinorganizations,theSouthernAfricanDevelopmentCommunity(SADC),theEastAfricanCommunity(EAC)aswellastheEUWaterInitiative,NewPartnershipforAfrica’sDevelopment(NEPAD),theUNEconomicCommissiononAfrica,andotherUNorganizations(e.g.UNEP,UNDP,theWorldBank).Theinternetwasanimportantsourceofinformationespeciallyforriverbasinswhosewebsitescouldbeidentifiedatthestartoftheexercise.

Introduction2.0 Section One

2.1 Fact Sheets of River/Lake Basin Organizations in AfricaTheinformationaboutsurfacewaterresourc-esthathasbeencollectedinindividualFactSheetsarepresentedintheSourcebookac-cordingtothechallengesoutlinedinsectionone.Thisinformationismeanttoprovideanoverviewoftheriver/lakebasinorganiza-tionswithrespecttotheirorganizationalset-up,mandates,functions,jurisdiction,therela-tionbetweenriverbasinorganizationsandthecontractingparties,theirfinancialregula-tions,thestatusofregionalcooperation,etc.Sourcesofinformationincludetreatiesandagreements,theriverbasinorganizations’websites,academicresearch,internetandthepress.Asarule,thesourcesdonotpro-videinsightintotheorganizations’modeofoperation,theirperformanceaccordingtotheirlegalmandatesandfunctions,andtheresourcesavailable.DuringthecourseofimprovingtheSource-book,itwasdesirable,toextendorfinetunethecategoriesfromthoseintheearlierdraft.Sofar,informationintheFactSheetsisorga-nizedinthefollowingcategories:

2.1.1 General InformationThiscontainsthenameoftheorganization,itsabbreviation,administrativeaddressin-cludingtelephone,e-mail,headoforganiza-tion,contactpersonwhereavailableandyeartheorganizationwaslaunched.

2.1.2 Organizational Structurefor CooperationOverviewofthecooperativestructureandorgansofriver/lakebasinorganizations,representationofnationstates,theruleswhichgoverntheirinternalrelationsandtheirinteractionwithnationstatesornationalad-ministrationsandtheirmandateandauthority.Withrespecttotheirmandate,wedistin-guishbetween“consultative”,“advisory”,“coordinating”,“policy-making”,“implemen-

tation”and“regulatory”,whichbearconse-quencesrelevantforexample,forfinanc-ing.Theinclusionofadditionalinformationonpersonneletc.hasgreatlyenrichedthesourcebook.Thetitle“organizationalstructureforcooperation”encompassesbothtechnicalcommitteesandestablishedmoresophisticatedbasinorganizations.

2.1.� WebsiteTheexistenceofawebsiteindicateswhetherornotanorganizationprovidesaccesstoin-formationforoutsiders.Andwheretheyexisttheyhavebeenaninvaluablesourceofinfor-mationaboutthebasin.

2.1.� Legal BasisThosetreatiesoragreementsarelisted,whichdefinetheorganizationalset-up,man-date,andfunctions.Ifavailable,accessisprovidedtostatutesandfinancialregulations.

2.1.� Parties To The Agreement(s)Thiscategoryliststhecontractingparties,thosewhoarenotrepresented,andtheirlo-cationonagivenwatercourseandlake.

2.1.� Geographical scopeThejurisdictionofcooperativestructuresmaybe“river/lakebasins”,“sub-basins”,“watercoursesystems”etc.,whichisimpor-tantfordevelopingjointmanagementplans.

2.1.� Function/MandateObjectivesandfunctionsarementionedinthiscategory.Wedifferentiatebetweenmono-functional(hydro-power)andmulti-functionalorganizations,whethertheyareadvisoryorregulatoryinnature,whethertheybearresponsibilityforstrategicorproj-ectplanning,whethertheyareonlyimple-mentingand/oroperativebodies,andwheth-ertheymonitorandassess,evaluateandprocessdata.Inaddition,itwillbementionedwhetherland-basedpollutionsourcesarepartoftheirmandatewhereverthisinforma-tionisavailable.

African River Basins2.1.� Plans/Programs/ProjectsThissectionprovidesinformationabout(i)implemented,(ii)ongoing,or(iii)plannedprojects.Asarule,moredetailedinforma-tionisneeded,inparticular,thefundingsourcesandwhethertheplannedandimple-mentedmeasuresarejointorunilateralun-dertakings.

2.1.9 Information/NotificationInformationisprovidedoneitherfor-malorinformalarrangementsthatregu-latetheexchangeofinformationandthenotificationofplannedmeasures.

2.1.10 Rules on Decision-Making and Procedure for Dispute ResolutionThissectiondescribesrulesforanorganiza-tion’sinternaldecision-makingprocessandtheproceduralrulesincaseswhereconflict-ingandcontestedissuesbetweenmemberstatescannotbesolvedimmediately.

2.1.11 Financing of CooperativeStructuresThefinancingsourcesarelisted,includ-ingthekeyorformulawhichdefinestherespectivecontributionsharesofthecontractingparties.Furthermore,deci-sion-makingonthebudgetandtherel-evantcostcomponentsaregivenaswellaswhetheraccountingismonitored.Whetherthebudgetallowstheorganizationtofulfilitsmandateandperformitsfunctionsshouldbesubjecttofurtherinvestigation.

2.1.12 Stakeholder ParticipationThiscategoryprovidesinformationonwheth-erandhowstakeholdersmayparticipate,whethernon-governmentalorganizationsmayactivelyparticipate,andwhetherac-cesstoinformationisprovidedandsecured.

2.1.1� Historical Record of CooperationThissectiongivesabriefhistoricaloverviewoftherelevantphases,whicheventuallyledtothecreationoftheexistingcoopera-tivestructuresorriverbasinorganizations.

2.1.1� References and LinksSourcesoftheinformationusedarelisted.

2.1.2 Basic DataInthissectioninformaionontotalareaofthebasin,lengthpfRiverifapplicableandknown,rainfall,populationandagricultureisgiven.

2.2 African Trans-Boundary AquifersFinallyTrans-Boundarygroundwaterre-sourcesaresummarizedbyamapandatable.Itshouldbeborneinmindthatthisisstillanareawherealotofexpensivere-searchhasyettobecarriedouttoconfirmmuchofthedata.Thesourcebookwillbeupdatedastheexistinginformationiscon-firmedandnewdatabecomesavailable.

Figure 1: River and lake basins in Africa

African River BasinsSummary of River Basins Organisation

A. MAIN BASINS

No. BasinName AreaofBasin RiverLength Country/Countries Region

1. Congo 3,699,100 4,667 CongoDemocraticRep.. CentralAfrica CentralAfricanAngola, CongoRep.Zambia, Tanzania,Cameroon, Burundi,Rwanda,Gabon, Malawi 2. GambiaRiver 69,800 1,100 Gambia,Guinea,Senegal WestAfrica 3. Incomaputo 77,400 810 Mozambique,SouthAfrica, Swaziland,SouthernAfrica 4. Juba-Shibelli 803,600 1,658 Ethiopia,Kenya,Somalia EasternAfrica 5. KomatiRiver 44,800 Mozambique,SouthAfrica Swaziland,SouthernAfrica 6. Kunene 110,000 1,0506* Angola,NamibiaSouth WesternAfrica 7. LakeChad 2,388,700 1,400(shari)4* Chad,Niger,CentralAfrican Republic,Nigeria,Algeria, Sudan,Cameroon,Chad, Libya Westand CentralAfrica 8. LakeVictoria 180,950 Burundi,Kenya,Rwanda, EastAfrica Tanzania,Uganda 9. Limpopo 414,800 1,750 Botswana,Mozambique, SouthernAfrica SouthAfrica,Zimbabwe, 10. Niger 2,113,350 4,200 Nigeria,Mali,Niger, Westand Algeria,Guinea, CentralAfrica Cameroon,BurkinaFaso, Benin,Chad,SierraLeone 11. NileBasin 3,038,100 6,700 Sudan,Ethiopia,Egypt, EastandNorth Uganda,Tanzania,Kenya, Africa CongoDemocraticRep., Rwanda,Burundi,Eritrea 12. Okavango 725,000 1,100 Angola,Botswana, SouthernAfrica Namibia,Zimbabwe 13. Orange 850,000 2,300 Botswana,Lesotho, SouthernAfrica Namibia,SouthAfrica 14. Ruvuma 151,700 8006* Malawi,Mozambique, 15. Senegal 490,000 1,800 Guinea,Mali,Mauritania, WestAfrica Senegal 16. Volta 414,000 1,6105* Benin,BurkinaFaso, WestAfrica Côted’Ivoire,Ghana, Mail,Togo 17. Zambezi 1,400,000 2,650 Angola,Botswana, Centraland CongoDemocraticRep., SouthernAfrica Malawi,Mozambique, Namibia,Tanzania, Zambia,Zimbabwe

Summary of River Basins B. MINOR BASINS

No. Basin Name Area of Basin River Length Country/Countries Region

(km2) (km)

18. Awash 155,300 — Ethiopia,Gjibouti,Somalia NorthEastern Africa 19. Etosha-Cuveral 167,600 — Namibia,Angola SouthWestern Africa 20. LakeTurkana 207,600 — Ethiopia,Kenya,Uganda, EastAfrica Sudan

21. Ogoose 223,400 8504* Gabon,CongoRepublic, CentralAfrica Cameroon,Equatorial Guinea

22. Sabi 116,100 6804* Zimbabwe,Mozambique, SouthernAfrica

Reference:

AREAOFBASIN

1*) InternationalriverbsinoftheWorld,InternationalJournalofWaterresourcesDevelopment,Vol.15#4 December1999.

2*) TheTimesAtlasoftheWorld,ComprehensiveEdition,2001

3*) TheWaterEncyclopediaSecondEdition,LewisPublishers,1990

4*) TaikanOki,Y.C.SudEarthInteractions,DesignofTotalRunoffIntegrationPathways(TRIP.)AGlobal RiverChannelNetwork5*) RiverSystemsoftheWorld,Rev.Net(http://www.rev.net)6*) encyclopediaBritannica(http://www.britannica.com)

InternationalBasinsaremorethan100,000km2(Referto1*)anddomesticBasinsmorethan800,000km2

(referto2*)areindicated

Congo River Basin

CONGO RIVER BASINName of Organization:InternationalCommissionofCongo-Oubangui-Sangha(CICOS)AdministrativeAddress:BP12645,Kishasha,DRC.Telephone:(243)817252903,(1)4088695973.E-Mail:Cicosinst@yahoo.frHead of Organization:NdalaBenjaminPosition: SecretaryGeneralE-Mail:Cicos_inst@yahoo.comWebsite:www.abhs.dzYear Launched: 1999Basic DataTotal Area:3,699,100km2,12%ofthecontinentalareaofAfricaLength of River:5,100kmTotal Population:About50millioninhabitantsTotal Rainfall:Variesfrom720mm/yearintheTanzanianpartofthebasinto2115mm/yearinD.R.Congowithanaverageof1470

African River Basinsmm/yearoverthewholebasin.Rain-Fed Agriculture: Irrigated Agriculture:Irrigationpotentialfiguresinthebasinvarybetween4and20millionhectaresOther:Hydropowerpotential:39,000MWatIngawithonly1775MWinstalled.Therealsoexistlargepotentialsforirrigation,navigation,fisheryandEco-Tourism

Riparian Countries

Area of Basin in Country km2 %

Angola 291,500 7.88 Burundi 14,300 0.39 Cameroon 85,300 2.31 CentralAfrican Republic 402,000 10.87 Congo(DRC) 2,307,800 62.39 CongoBrazzaville 248,400 6.72 Gabon 460 0.01 Malawi 90 0.00 Rwanda 4,500 0.12 Tanzania 166,800 4.51 Zambia 176,600 4.77

Total �,�9�,��0 100%

Date Treaty Basin Signatories Treaty Name

Feb26,1885 Congo,Niger Austria-Hungary; ConferenceofBerlin Belgium;Denmark; France;Italy;Russia; Netherlands;Spain; GreatBritain; Germany;Sweden; Norway;Turkey;USA; PortugalJuly20,1927 M’pozo Belgium;Portugal EconomicConvention

List of Treaties/Agreements

Geographical ScopeThebasinconsistsoftheCongoriveritself,itstributariesofOubangui,Kasai,Sangha,Kuilu,Kwango,Ruki,Lamami,Lulonga,Amwiniandsmallerrivers.

References and Linksi) ECA,StudyontheEstablishmentofanInter-governmentalOrganizationfortheDevelopmentandExploitationoftheD.R.CongoRiverresourc-es,1983-1984.ii) AMCOW,PlanD’actionsous–RégionalpourlaRéalisationdesObjectifsdeDeveloppmentduMillénaireetduSommetMondialsurleDevel-oppmentDurable-AfriqueCentrale,PortefeuilledeProjetsPrioritaires,Octobre,2003.iii) UNEP,AtlasofInternationalFreshwaterAgreements,(2001).

Organizational StructureOrganizational Structure for CooperationNoestablishedbasin-widecooperativeframe-workformanagementanddevelopmentoftheCongoRiverBasin.Conflictsamongmembercountrieshaveoccurredfromtimetotime.

Functions/MandateManagement Plans and Action ProgramsMonitoring and Information SystemsRules on Decision-Making and Procedure for Dispute ResolutionFinancing of NBI and Its Cooperative StructuresStakeholder Participation Historical Record of Cooperation

ChallengesVeryvastbasin,weakeconomiesexacerbatedbyalonghistoryofconflicts,watersecurity,cooperationforbasindevelopmentandmanagement,lackofsoundbasindata,needforcapacitybuildingandlimitedfunds.

Congo River Basin

GAMBIA RIVER BASINName of Organization: OrganizationfortheManagementofGambiaRiver(OMVG)Administrative Address:BP2353Dakar.Telephone: (221)8223152,(221) 8225926,E-Mail: omvg@omvg.snHead of Organization: VieraJustinoPosition: ExecutiveSecretaryYear Launched: Basic DataTotal Area:69,900km2

Length of River: 1,100kmTotal Population: Total Rainfall: Variesfrom1700mm/yearinSouthernmountainsto800mm/yearinthenorth.Rain-Fed Agriculture: Traditionalagriculturalpracticesarecommoninthebasin.Irrigated Agriculture: Ricegrownonirrigatedlandisoneofthemainexpandingactivitiesinthebasin.Thebasinpossessesanirrigationpotentialofabout130,000ha.Other:Thebasinalsopossesseshighhydro-powerandfisheriespotential.

Riparian Countries

Area of Basin in Country Km2 %

Gambia 5,900 8.51

Guinea 13,200 18.92

Senegal 50,700 72.48

Total �9,�00 100%

Organizational StructureOrganizational Structure for CooperationGeographical ScopeFunctions/MandateManagement Plans and Action ProgramsMonitoring and Information SystemsRules on Decision-Making and Procedure for Dispute ResolutionFinancing of Gambia River Organization and Its Cooperative StructuresStakeholder ParticipationHistorical Record of CooperationReferences and Links

Aug10,1889 Gambia France;GreatBritain Agreement

Feb4,1895 Gambia France;GreatBritain NavigationNotes

Oct19,1906 Gambia France;GreatBritain French/BritishFrontier

Treaty

Sep4,1913 Gambia France;GreatBritain SierraLeone- Guinea

Boundary

June30,1978 Gambia Gambia;Guinea; GambiaRiverBasin

Senegal Commission

June30,1978 Gambia Gambia;Guinea; StatusofRiverGambia

Senegal

Gambia River Basin

INCOMAPUTO RIVER BASINName of Organization: IncoMa-putoWatercourseCommissionAdministrative Address:Telephone:E-Mail: Head of Organization: Position: Contact Person/People: Position: Address: E-Mail: Website: www.kobwa.co.zaYear Launched: 199�

Basic DataTotal Area: 77,400km2

River Length:810kmTotal Population: 3,257,000inhabitantsTotal Rainfall: Rain-Fed Agriculture: Irrigated Agriculture:

Riparian Countries

Mozambique 16,100 20.80 SouthAfrica 47,700 61.63 Swaziland 13,600 17.57

Total ��,�00 100%

Organizational StructureTheTripartitePermanentTechnicalCommitteeistheonlyorganestablishedbytheInterinIncoMaputoAgreementasanadvisorycommitteewithoutexecutivepower.

List of Treaties/Agreements Date Treaty Basin Signatories Treaty Name

Feb17,1983 Sharedwaters Mozambique;South TripartiteTechnical Africa;Swaziland Committee Feb15,1991 Incomati,Komati, Mozambique;South WaterMinisters Africa;Swaziland Meeting Mar13,1992 Komati,Maputo SouthAfrica; JointWaterCommission Swaziland Treaty Oct7,1992 Komati,Kangwane; SouthAfrica UtilizationofKomati WaterResources Agreement Aug29,2002 Incomati,Maputo Mozambique;South IncoMaputoAgreement Africa;Swaziland

Organizational Structure for CooperationTheTripartitePermanentTechnicalCommittee(TPTC),whichwasestablishedin1983,isthejointbodyforcooperationcoveringtheIncomatiandMaputoRivers.TheInterimIncoMaputoAgreementre-establishedtheTPTCasanadvisorycommitteewithoutexecutivepower.ThejointbodyissupposedtomeetatleasttwiceayearwiththepurposeofimplementingtheInterimIncoMaputoAgreement.TheChairman-shipandthevenueofmeetingsrotatesamongthesignatorystates.

Geographical ScopeTheIncomatiwatercourseisthesystemoftheIncomatiRiver,whichincludesthetributariesMazimechopes,Uanetze,Massintonto,Sabie,Crocodile,KomatiRivers,andtheestuaryandtheMaputowatercourseisthesystemoftheMaputoRiver,whichincludesthetributariesPongolaandUsuthuRivers,andtheestuary.

Incomaputo River Basin

Functions/MandateTheTPTCisanadvisorycommitteewithoutexecutivepowers.Itadvisesthecontractingpartiesontechnical,legal,administrative,andotherreasonablemeasuresrelatedtothedevelopmentandmanagementoftheIncomatiandMaputowatercoursesystemsanditistoremaininforceuntilsupersededbyanothercomprehensivewateragreement.

Management Plans and Action Programs IntheInterimIncoMaputoAgreement,thethreegovernmentsagreedonalistof“ReferenceProjects”tobeimplemented.Basedondeterminingcriteria,ReferenceProjectsarementionedforMozambique,SouthAfricaandSwaziland.

Monitoring and information systemThepartieswererequiredtoexchangeavailableinformationanddataregardingthehydrological,geo-hydrological,waterquality,meteorological,andenvironmentalconditionsofthewatercoursesinordertoenableplanning,development,andmanagementofthesharedwatercourses.AnyplannedwaterresourcedevelopmentandwaterutilizationprojectswouldonlycommenceiftheprovisionsoftheRevisedSADCProtocolontheproceduresofnotifyingotherRiparianCountriesofplannedmeasureshadbeencompliedwith.PriortosigningtheInterimIncoMaputoAgreement,theTPTChadalreadyadoptedthe“ResolutionontheExchangeofInformationandWaterQuality.”Howevermeasureswerealsoinstitutedtoestablishregularcomparablemonitoringsystems,methodsandprocedures;andtoreportonthestatusandtrendsoftheassociatedaquatic,marine,andriparianecosystems.

Rules on Decision-Making and Procedure for Dispute ResolutionTheTPTCshalladopt–byconsensus–itsrulesofprocedurethatwillgovernthemeetings.TheInterimIncoMaputoAgreementfurtherstipulatesthatanydisputeshallbesettledamicablythroughconsultationandnegotiationsamongtheparties.Incasesinwhichadisputeisnotsettledwithinoneyearofthedateuponwhichsuchnegotiationswererequested,itmaybesubmittedforarbitrationbyeitherParty.Ifthedisputingpartiesdonotagreeonthesubjectmatterofthedispute,thearbitrationtribunalshalldeterminethesubjectmatteraccordingtoitsrules.

Financing of TPTC and Its Cooperative StructuresThe1983Agreementstipulatesthateachgovernmentshallbearthecostofitsrepresentativesandthecostofanypersonitwishestoappointasadvisors.NospecificprovisionsarementionedintheInterimIncoMaputoAgreementof2002onfunding.

Stakeholder ParticipationNospecificprovisions.

Historical Record of Co-operationIn1999,theTPTCdecidedtoincludetheMaputoRiversystemandtoconductaJointMaputoBasinStudy,whichwascompletedin2001.Thisdecisionbroadenedtheagenda,whichsofarhadmainlyfocusedontheIncomatiRiver.Aftermorethanthreeyearsofnegotiations,theministersoftheriparianstatessignedtheInterimIncoMaputoAgreementin2002.Itsmajorachievementwasthattheriparianstatesagreedonpreviouslydisputedhydrologicaldata,anumberofwatermanagement/environmentalmeasuresandawatersharingformulaincludingsecurewatersupplytoMaputocity.

ChallengesUnderdevelopedMozambiquenotpartytoKOBWA,theriverbasinorganizationmandatedtooperatethedams,insufficientflowforenvironmentalrequirements,memberstatesatdifferentstagesofdevelopmentandinsufficientfunding.

References and LinksTPTC.2002.MediaRelease:SignatureoftheIncoMaputoAgreementonWaterSharing.29August2002,(http://www.dwaf.gov.za/communications/pressreleases/2002/pressreleaseincomaputosigning29Aug02wssd.docTurton,AnthonyR.2004.EvolutionofWaterManagementInstitutionsinSelectSouthernAfricanInternationalRiverBasins,inAsitK.Biswas,OlcayÜnver,andCeciliaTortajada(eds.),WaterasaFocusforRegionalDevelopment,OxfordUniversityPress,WaterResourcesManagementSeries,pp.251-289.Turton,AnthonyR.2003.Thepoliticalaspectsofinstitutionaldevelopmentinthewatersector:SouthAfricaanditsinternationalriverbasins.UniversityofPretoria,May,(http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/publications/related_rese…,download:07.01.2005).Vas,AlvaroCarmoandPietervanderZaag.2003.SharingtheIncomatiWaters:CooperationandCompetitionintheBalance,UNESCO/IHP/WWAP,IHP-VI/TechnicalDocumentsinHydrology,PC-CPseriesNo.14(SC-2003/WS/46).

Incomaputo River Basin

JUBA-SHABELLI BASINName of Organization:AdministrativeAddress:Tel.E-Mail: Head of Organization: Position: Contact Person/People: Position: Address: E-Mail: WebsiteYear Launched: Basic DataTotal Area: 803,500km2

Length of River: 1,658kmTotal Population: Total Rainfall: Variesfrom200mm/yearto1800mm/yearwithabasinmeanof430mm/year.Rain-Fed Agriculture: Irrigated Agriculture: Ofthetotalirrigation

Nov22,1933 Dif(poolsof) GreatBritain;Italy Kenya-Italian SomalilandBoundary Notes

Organizational StructureOrganizational Structure for Cooperation

potentialof323,000halessthan200,000haisunderirrigationduetolimitationsonyearlyavailablewater.

Riparian Countries

Ethiopia 367,400 45.72 Kenya 215,300 26.79 Somalia 220,900 27.49

Total �0�,�00 100%

Geographical ScopeTheShabelliandtheJubariversoriginateinEthiopiaandmergeinSomaliabeforeenter-ingtheIndianocean.InKenyathereisonetributaryofEwasoNgiroriverwhichdrainsthenorthernsideofMountKenya,theAb-erdaresandtheNorthandNorthEasthigh-lands.Functions/MandateManagement Plans and Action ProgramsMonitoring and Information SystemsRules on Decision-Making and Procedure for Dispute ResolutionFinancing of NBI and Its Cooperative StructuresStakeholder ParticipationWebsite: Historical Record of Co-operationReferences and Links

Juba-Shabelli Basin

KOMATI RIVER BASINName of Organization: KomatiBasinWaterAuthority(KOBWA)Administrative Address:KomatiBasinWaterAuthority,P.O.Box518,Malelane1320South Africa.Telephone: +27137810317/9 Fax: +27137810320Email: driekop@mweb.co.zaP.O.Box678,PIGGSPEAK,Swaziland,Telephone: (268)4371463/4371460Head of Organization: ChrisKeevyPosition: ChiefExecutiveOfficerE-Mail: chriskkobwa@mweb.co.za,ckeevy@swazi.net Website: www.kobwa.co.zaYear Launched: 1992

Basic DataTotal Area:Length of River: Total Population:

KomatiBasinWaterAuthority(KOBWA)isabi-nationalorganizationestablishedbySouthAfricaandSwazilandtodesign,operateandmaintainphase1oftheKomatiRiverBasinDevelopmentProject.KOBWAreportstotheJointWaterCommission(JWC)whichisatechnicaladvisorybodyofthetwoGovernments.ThreemembersfromeachcountryrepresenteachcountryatJWC.WherethewatersituationtouchesonMozambique,suchmattersarethendealtwithbytheTripartitePermanentTechnicalCommittee(TPTC)whichiscomprisedofrepresentativesofthethreecountries.TPTCmeetsatleastonceayearwhileJWCmeetsatleastonceeverytwomonths.

Organizational Structure of CooperationTheJWCactsastechnicaladvisortoSouthAfricaandSwazilandonallmattersrelatingtothedevelopmentandutilizationofwaterresourcesofcommoninterest.JWCpossesseslegalpowerintheterritoryofeachpartyandcomprisesoftwodelegationsrepresentingbothcountries.Eachdelegationshallconsistofnomorethanthreememberstobeappointedbythesignatories,oneofwhomshallbedesignatedbythatpartyasleaderofitsdelegation.Additionaladvisorsmaybeco-opted.

Total Rainfall: Rain-Fed Agriculture: Irrigated Agriculture:

Riparian Countries

Mozambique 14,600 31.2 SouthAfrica 29,200 62.47 Swaziland 3,000 6.33

Total ��,�00 100%

Organizational Structure TheKomatiRiverBasinInstitutionalFrameworkiscomprisedofSouthAfrica,SwazilandandMozambique.PolicymattersaredealtwithbytheJointWaterCommittee(JWC)andtheTripartitePermanentTechnicalCommittee(TPTC),managementmattersaredealtwithbytheKOBWABoardandtheIncomatiOperatingTaskGroupwhileoperationalissuesarehandledbytheKomatiJointOperationsForum(KJOF).TheKJOFisanoperationsforumwhereallwaterusersintheKomatiRiverBasinmeettodiscussoperationalmatters.The

Komati River Basin

1991 Komati Mozambique; Pigg’sPeakAgrement SouthAfrica; Swaziland 1992 Komati SouthAfrica; KomatiWaterDevelopment Swaziland andUtilizationTreaty 1992 Komati SouthAfrica; JWCTreaty Swaziland 2002 Komati,Maputo Mozambique; InterimInco-Maputo SouthAfrica; Agreement Swaziland

African River BasinsGeographical ScopeThisincludestheIncomati,KomatiandMa-putowatercourses.

Functions/Mandate

ThefunctionsandmandateofKOBWArelatetoaspectsofwatermanagement,environ-mentandresettlementandcorporateser-vicesfortheauthority.Theseentaildesign,operationandmaintenanceofphase1oftheKomatiRiverBasinDevelopmentProject,reductionofenvironmentaldegradation,man-agementofresettlementprogramsandacqui-sitionandservicingofloans.TheJointWaterCommissionactsasatechnicaladvisortothePartiesonalltechnicalmattersrelatingtomeasurestoalleviateshort-termproblemsresultingfromwatershortagesfromanywa-terresourceofcommoninterest;investigatingthedevelopmentofanywaterresourceofcommoninterestincludingtheconstruction,operation,andmaintenanceofanywaterworksinconnectiontherewith;thejointdevel-opmentofwaterresourcesofcommoninter-est;thecriteriatobeadoptedintheallocationoftheutilizableportionofwaterresources;thepreventionandexerciseofcontroloverpollutionandsoilerosionaffectingwaterre-sourcesofcommoninterest;andanyothermatterpertainingtothedevelopmentofwaterresourcesandtheirutilization.

Management Plans and ActionProgramsTheresponsibilityofKOBWAistoimplementPhase1oftheKomatiRiverBasinDevelop-mentProject,whichcomprisesthedesign,construction,operation,andmaintenanceoftheDriekoppiesDaminSouthAfrica(Phase1a),partoftheKomatiRiverandtheMagugaDaminSwaziland(Phase1b),partoftheKomatiRiver.

Monitoring and Information SystemsTheJWCshallmeetatleasttwiceayear;thevenueofthemeetingsmayrotate,andthehostprovidesthechairmanandisresponsibleforthepreparationandtimelydis-tributionoftheproposedagenda,recordinganddistributionoftheminutes,andprovisionofasuitablevenue.Andasamatterofpro-cedure,eachpartyshallsupplyinformationandplansrelatingtothedevelop-mentandutilizationofthewaterresourcesofcommoninteresttotheCommissionastheCommis-sionmayrequirefortheperformanceofitsfunctions.

Rules on Decision-Making and Procedure for Dispute ResolutionDecisionsatoperationallevelarereferredtotheKOBWABoardofDirectors,whichcomprisethreemembersfromeachcountry.ThereafterifnodecisionisreachedorifthedecisionrequiredhingesonpolicythematterisreferredtotheJWC.IfthedecisionrequiredhingesonpoliticalissuesorifnodecisionisreachedatJWCthematterisreferredtotheGovernments.ThetreatyalsoprovidesforcaseswheretheGovernmentsdonotagree.DecisionsoftheJointWaterCommissionaretakenonthebasisofconsensus.Anydisputeconcerningtheinterpretationofthetreatyshall,attherequestofeitherparty,beresolvedthroughnegotiations.Intheeventthatthepartiesfailtosettleadisputewithinthreemonthsofthedateofrequest,eitherpartymaysubmitthedisputeforarbitrationupongivingwrittennoticeofitsintentiontotheotherparty.

Arbitrationshallbeconductedbyatribunal.Financing of KOBWA and Its Cooperative StructuresKOBWAisfinancedintwodifferentways;(a)loansraisedbyKOBWAfromprivatefinan-cialinstitutions.(b)DirectcontributionsbytheGovernments.Moniesobtainedthroughdirectcontributionsbythegovernmentsareusedforoperationalexpenditure.FormeetingsoftheCommission,eachpartyisresponsibleforallcostsincurredinconnec-tionwiththeattendanceandparticipationofitsdelegationandofanypersonco-optedasanadvisor.Thestatehostingameet-ingmeetsthecostsincurredinprovidingavenue,preparinganddistributingthepro-posedagendaandrecordinganddistributionoftheminutes.AllothercostsincurredorliabilitiesacceptedbytheJWCinperform-ingitsfunctionsandexercisingitspowersshallbesharedequallybythepartiesun-lessotherwiseagreedbytheCommission.

Stakeholder ParticipationNospecificprovisionsaregivenbuttheorganization’sInstitutionalStructuresforRe-settlementallowsforparticipationofvarious

stakeholdersunderdifferentorganizations.Historical Record of Co-operationKOBWAoriginatesfromtheTreatyontheDevelopmentandUtilizationoftheWaterResourcesoftheKomatiRiverBasinsignedbetweenSwazilandandSouthAfricain1992.Alsosignedbetweenthetwocoun-triesin1992istheJointWaterCommissionTreaty.AccompanyingthistreatywastheAgreementsignedbetweenMozambique,SouthAfricaandSwazilandinPigg’sPeakin1991(Pigg’sPeakAgreement).SubsequenttotheseisthelatestInterimInco-MaputoAgreementsignedbetweenthethreeCoun-triesattheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmentinJohannesburgin2002.

References and LinksVas,AlvaroCarmoandPietervanderZaag.2003.SharingtheIncomatiWaters:CooperationandCompetitionintheBalance,UNESCO/IHP/WWAP,IHP-VI/TechnicalDocumentsinHydrol-ogy,PC-CPseriesNo.14(SC-2003/WS/46).

Komati River Basin

http://www.kobwa.co.za/profile.cfm.

KUNENE RIVER BASINName of Organization:Administrative Address:Telephone:E-Mail: Head of Organization: Position: Contact Person/People: Position: Address: E-Mail: WebsiteYear Launched:

Basic DataTotal Area:110,000km2

River Length: 1,050kmTotal Population:1,988,000inhabitantsTotal Rainfall: Rain-Fed Agriculture: Irrigated Agriculture:

Riparian Countries

Area of Bain in Country

Km2 % Angola 95,300 86.68 Namibia 14,900 13.32

Total 110,200 100%

Organizational StructureThemainorganisthePermanentJointTechnicalCommission(PJTC).

Organizational Structure for cooperationThePermanentJointTechnicalCommission(PJTC)isanadvisorybodyestablishedtoconsulttherespectivegovernmentsonthedevelopmentoftheKuneneRiverandtooverseetheimplementationofcommoninfrastructureprojects.

July1,1926 Cunene,Kunene Portugal;South CuneneWater Africa UseRegulation Apr29,1931 Cunene Portugal; Angola/S.Africa SouthAfrica BoundaryNotes Jan21,1969 Cunene Portugal;South WaterResource Africa Development Agreement July1,1996 SharedWaters Mozambique; JointWater SouthAfrica Commission TermsofReference Oct1,2001 Kunene Angola;Namibia Completion/Expansion ofWaterSupply Memorandum

Geographical ScopeTheKuneneRiverBasin(notspecificallystated,butoftenreferredtointheagreements).

Kunene River Basin

African River BasinsFunctions/MandateIn1969thePermanentJointTechnicalCommitteewasestablishedasanadvisorybodytostudyandreportonmattersrelatingtothegeneralagreementonthedevelopmentofthewaterresourcesofthebasin.Itwasparticularlyinstructedtooverseetheimplementationofdevelopmentprojectsontheriverencompassingtheconstructionofthreedams,apowerstation,andapumpingstation.Themandatewasrenewedintheagreementof1990.

Management Plans and ActionProgramsThe1969AgreementdefinedtheactivitiesofthefirstphaseofdevelopmentasconstructionofadamatGoveinAngolatoregulatetheflowoftheKuneneRiver,constructionofadamatCaluequeupstreamtheRuacanaFallsforfurtherregulationoftheriverandtomeettherequirementsofthepowerstationatRuacanafallsandapumpingstationatCaluequeforirrigationpurposesandconstructionoftheMataladaminAngola.TheCalueque-RuacanaSchemewasnevercompletedandpartlydestroyedduringtheAngolancivilwar.TheGovedamwasalsodamaged.In1990itwasagreedtorepairthedams.Currently,developmentoftheEpupahydroelectricschemeattheEpupaWaterfallisbeingpursued.The1990agreementrevitalizingthedevelopmentworksontheKuneneprovidedforthesetupofaJointOperatingAuthoritytoensurethemaximumbeneficialregulationatGovethatisneededforoptimumpowergenerationatRuacanaandtocontrolthewithdrawalofwateralongthemiddlereachesoftheKunene.TheAuthoritywasalsoexpectedtoensurethecontinuousoperationandmaintenanceofthewaterpumpingworksatCaluequeandthediversionweiratRuacana.

Monitoring and InformationSystemsNospecialprovisionsonmonitoringandinformationwereprovidedintheagreements.Rules on Decision-Making andProcedure for Dispute ResolutionInthePJTCdecisions,fourmembersformaquorum,providedthatatleasttwomembersofeachdelegationarepresent.Decisionsaretakenunanimously.IftheCommissionfailstoreachadecision,thedisputeisreferredtotheGovernmentsfornegotiation.

Financing of PJTC and Its Cooperative StructuresEachgovernmentisresponsiblefortheexpensesofitsowndelegation.JointexpensesaresharedequallybythetwoGovernments.Stakeholder ParticipationNospecificprovisions.

Historical Record of Co-operationThefirsttransboundarycooperationintheKuneneRiverBasindatesasfarbackas1926whenSouthAfricaandPortugalsignedanagreementtoregulatetheuseofthewateroftheKuneneRiverforthepurposesofgeneratingpower,floodprevention,andir-rigation.Noinfrastructuredevelopmentswereundertakenuntil1969whenanagreementwasreachedtobuildthreedamstoregulatetheriverandgeneratepower.Thedevelop-mentwasoverseenbythePermanentJointTechnicalCommissionestablishedwiththe1969Agreement.In1975acivilwarbrokeoutimmediatelyafterAngolahadgainedin-dependence.TheRuacana-Caluequeprojectwasnotcompletedandseverelydamagedduringtheconflict.AngolaandNamibia,afteritsindependencein1990,agreedtoreac-tivateagreementsfrom1969andtorepairthedamageddams.Twoagreementsweresigned.ThefirstagreementconcernedthecompletionoftheplanneddamsandpowerplantsalongtheKuneneandthedevelop-mentoffutureschemesinordertosecure

thecountriesfutureneedsforelectricity.Thesecondoneconcernedgeneralcoopera-tionbetweenthecountriesandestablishedtheAngolan-NamibianJointCommissionofCo-operation.TheJointCommissionofCo-operationdealswithjointcooperativeeffortsonanumberofissues,oneofwhichiswater.

ChallengesAridrivercatchment,commitmentofwa-tertoirrigationinNamibia,inter-basin/inter-statewatertransfer,environmen-tal/socialimpedimentstohydropowerdevelopment,differentlevelsofdevelop-mentandlimitedPJTCmandate.

References and LinksMeissner,R.2000.HydropoliticalHotspotsinSouthernAfrica:TheCaseoftheKuneneRiver,in:WaterforPeaceintheMiddleEastandSouthernAfrica.GreenCrossInternational.www.grnnet.gov.na/News/Archive/2001/October/Week4/namibia.htm

Kunene River Basin

LAKE CHAD BASINName of Organization: LakeChadBasinCommission(LCBC)Administrative Address:BP727Telephone:235524137E-Mail: lcbc@intnet.tdHead of Organization: MuhamadAdamuPosition:ExecutiveSecretaryE-Mail:msaadamu@yahoo.comContact Person/People: TamLambertPosition:AssistantExecutiveSecretaryE-Mail: tam@intnet.tdWebsite: www.oieau.fr/ciedd/www.cblt.orgYear Launched:1964Basic DataTotal Area: 2,388,700km2

Length of River:Total Population:About22millionTotal Rainfall:Variesfrom100mm/yearintheNorthto1,500mm/yearintheSouthernparts.Evaporation:Itexceeds2,000mm/yearatthecentreofthebasin.

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Rain-Fed Agriculture: Fishing,pastoralsheep,cattleandcamelrearingprovidetheonlysupporttolivelihoodsofthelocalcom-munityintheregioninadditiontoagriculture.Irrigated Agriculture:Afewlargescaleirri-gationschemes(polders)developedonpartsofthelakeshorehaveproventotallyunsuitedtothehydrological,climaticandculturalcon-ditionsoftheregion.

Riparian Countries

Area of Basin in Country: km2 %

Algeria 90,000 3.77 Cameroon 46,800 1.96 CentralAfricanRepublic 218,600 9.15 Chad 1,079,200 45.18 Chad,ClaimedbyLibya 12,300 0.51 Libya 4,600 0.19 Niger 674,200 28.23 Nigeria 180,200 7.54 Sudan 82,800 3.47

Total 2,��,�00 100%

Organizational StructureThetopmostorganofLCBCistheMeetingofHeadsofStatewhichisthemainpolicysettingunit.IthasapermanentbureauwithanExecutiveSecretary.SubordinatetotheExecutiveSecretaryareanAssistantExecutiveSecretary,aFinancialControllerandfourdepartmentsofAdministrationandFinance;PlanningandProjectExecution;

Documentation,Information,RemoteSensingandAdvancedTechnologiesandWaterResources.

Organizational Structure for CooperationSince1994,theLakeChadBasinCommission(CommissionduBassinduLacTchad,CBLT)hasconsistedoftenmembers,twomembersfromeachmemberstate(Commissioners),anditmeetsatleastonceayear.Itspolicy-settingunitistheMeetingoftheHeadsofState.TheCommissionhasapermanentbureauheadedbyanExecutiveSecretary.WiththeadoptionoftheStrategicActionProgram(SAP),aSteeringCommitteehasbeenestablishedforimplementationwithtwodirectors(oneforthetechnicalmanagementoflarge-scalewaterresourcesprojectsandanotherforenvironmentalpolicymanagementissues).LCBChasfurtherintroducedaBasinCommitteeforStrategicPlanningtocoordinateactivitieswiththenationstatesandacrossthekeyministriessuchasenvironment,agriculture,andfinance.ThepersonneloftheLCBCarerecruitedfromamongtheministriesandadministrationofthememberstates;theExecutiveSecretaryisalwaysfromNigeria.Itisstipulatedthatpersonnelfromanymemberstatedoesnotexceedone-third.

May1964 LakeChad Cameroon;Chad; ConventionandStatutes Niger;Nigeria RelatingtotheDevelop- mentofLCBC October1973 Chad Cameron;Chad; AgreementCreatinga Niger;Nigeria FundfortheDevelopment ofLCBC

Lake Chad River Basin

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African River BasinsGeographical ScopeTheconventionalbasinofLakeChadincorporatestheupperbasinsofLogone-ChariandKomadougou-Yoberegimes,andencompassestheentirehydrographicnetworksupplyingwatertoLakeChad,Yaeres,andthephreaticwater-tablearoundthelake.

Functions/MandateTheLCBC’sfunctionsareadvisoryandcoordinationinnatureandcanbesummarizedasfollows:preparinggeneralregulationswhichshallpermitthefullapplicationoftheprinciplessetforthinthepresentconventionanditsannexedstatute,andtoensuretheirfullapplication;collecting,evaluating,anddisseminatinginformationonprojectspreparedbythememberstatesandrecommendingplansforcommonprojectsandjointresearchprogramswithinthebasin;keepingclosecontactbetweenthecontractingpartieswithaviewtoensuringthemostefficientutilizationofthewatersofthebasin;followingupontheprogressoftheexecutionofsurveysandworksandkeepingthememberstatesinformed;drawingupcommonrulesregardingnavigationandtransport;examiningcomplaintsandpromotingthesettlementofdisputesandtheresolutionofconflicts;promotingregionalcooperationandcoordinationofregionalprograms;planning,mobilizingandfollowingupnationalprojectswithregionalimplications.

Management Plans and ActionProgramsAninter-basinwatertransferschemeisplannedwherebyLakeChadcouldbesuppliedwithwaterfromtheCongobasinviaapipelineandanavigationchannel.AlsoplannedistheconstructionofadamatPalambo(CAR)forelectricitygenerationandforexpansionofirrigatedagriculturalland.TheRepublicofCongo(Brazzaville)hasalreadyreleasedano-objectionnote.Feasibilitystudieswillbeundertakenwithfundsfromthememberstatesandinternationaldonors,whichwillalsoassessthesocial,economic,andecologicalimpacts.SincetheadoptionoftheStrategicActionPlan(1998),GEFhassupportedaprogramcalledReversalofLandandWaterDegradationTrendsintheLakeChadBasinEcosystemtosetupcoordinated,integrated,andsustainablemanagementoftheinternationalwatersandnaturalresourcesoftheLakeChadbasinandtoreversethedegradationtrendofsoilsandwaterresources.Mega-Chadprojectforcontrollinglanddegradation,interaliaPromotionoftheUseofRenewableEnergyResourcesandConservationoftheFloraSpeciesintheDryLandsofMegaChadoftheWestAfricanSub-regionissupportedbyUNEPsince2001.

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Stakeholder ParticipationAlthoughnospecificprovisionsareinplace,stakeholderparticipationisenhancedbytheactivitiesofusergroupswhosefunctionsrangefromadvisorytoplanningandmanagementandfromcoordinationtodisputesettlementtoprocurementofcreditsandrecoveryofwatercharges.

Historical Record of CooperationAnumberofbilateralcommissionshavebeenestablished,whoserelationtotheLCBChasyettobeclarified.Duringthe1970sand1980stheLakeChadBasinCommissionwasalsoinvolvedinsettlingborderdisputesbetweenNigeriaandChad.OntheadviceoftheHeadsofState,separatecommissionshavebeenestablishedbytheLCBCfordealingwiththeseissues.

Challenges Decreasingrainfall,droughtanddesertification,environmentaldegradation,increasingwaterdemand,highpovertylevels,institutionalcapacitybuilding,fundingproblemsandtheneedtostrengthencooperation.

References and Linksi)LCBC,UNEP/UNSO/FAO,ExecutiveSummary,MasterPlanfortheDevelopmentandEnvironmen-tallySoundManagementoftheNaturalResourcesoftheLakeChadConventionalBasin,June1992.ii)LCBC/UNDP,StrategicActionPlan,IntegratedandSustainableManagementoftheInternationalWatersoftheLakeChadBasin,May,1998.iii)LCBC,IntegratedRiverBasinManagement,ChallengesoftheLakeChadBasin,Vision2025.iv)NEPAD,ShortTermActionPlanforIn-frastructure,MainReport,2002v) Burchi,StefanoandMelvinSpreij.2003.Insti-tutionsforInternationalFreshwaterManagement.ReportforFAODevelopmentLawSeries,FAOLegalOffice,PC-CPseriesNo.3vi) www.cblt.org/eng.htm

Monitoring and Information SystemsTheConventionandStatutesrequirethatmemberstatesrefrainfromadoptinganymeasureslikelytoexertamarkedinfluenceeitherupontheextentofwaterlosses,sanitaryconditionsofthewaterresources,biologicalcharacteristicsofthefaunaandfloraoftheBasinorthelakewithoutreferringtotheCommissionbeforehand.Inparticular,thememberstatesagreenottoundertakeinthatpartoftheBasinfallingwithintheirjurisdictionanyworkinconnectionwiththedevelopmentofwaterresourcesorthesoillikelytohaveamarkedinfluenceuponthesystemofthewatercoursesandlevelsoftheBasinwithoutadequatenoticeandpriorconsultationwiththeCommission.

Rules on Decision-Making andProcedure for Dispute ResolutionTheCommissionshalldrawupitsownrulesofprocedure,anddecisionsoftheLCBCshallbeadoptedunanimously.LCBCrequiresthatanydisputeconcerningtheinterpretationoftheimplementationofthepresentConvention,whichhasnotbeendeterminedbytheCommission,shallbesubmittedtotheCommissionofMediation,ConciliationandArbitrationoftheOrganizationofAfricanUnityforthepurposeofdecision.

Financing of LCBC and Its Cooperative StructuresThepersonneloftheLCBCarerecruitedfromamongtheministriesandadministrationofthememberstatesandarepaidoutoftheLCBCbudget.Itisstipulatedthatpersonnelfromanymemberstatedoesnotexceedone-third.ThecostsoftheCommissionaresharedamongthememberstatesaccordingtoadefinedformula.Atpresent,Nigeriacontributes52%,Cameroon26%,Chad11%,Niger7%,andCentralAfricanRepublic4%towardstheannualbudget.

Lake Chad River Basin

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LAKE VICTORIA BASIN Name of Organization:LakeVictoriaBasinCommission(LVBC)Administrative Address: P. O. Box 1096,Arusha,TanzaniaTelephone: +255-27-2504253/8,2504255 E-Mail:lvdp@eachq.orgHead of Organization: TomOkurutDr.Position:ExecutiveSecretaryYear Launched:2003

Basic DataTotal Area: 181,000km2Total Population:25millioninhabitantsTotal Rainfall:Variablefromabout800mm/yearintheEasternpartofthecatchmenttoover2000mm/yearovertheCentral-Westernpartofthelake.Rain-Fed Agriculture: Themainsourceoflivelihoodinthebasinforabout80%ofthepopulation.Irrigated Agriculture: Littleirrigationisexecutedinthebasinbutthisisincreasing

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Organizational Structure for cooperation TheSectoralCouncilcomprisingofnationalministersisthepolicymakingunitofLVBCwhiletheCoordinationCommitteecomprisesthecorrespondingpermanentsecretaries.SectoralCommitteeswillbeestablishedondemanduponproposaloftheCoordinationCommittee.MembersofSectoralCommitteeswillbeseniorpublicofficialsofthepartnerstates,headsofpublicinstitutions,representativesofregionalinstitutionsandrepresentativesofbusiness,industry,andcivilsociety.TheSecretariat,headedbytheExecutiveSecretary,isapermanentunittosupportandassisttheCommission’sbodiesincoordinatingtheirworkandincoordinatingwiththeEAC-Secretariat,thememberstates,andthedonors.TheExecutiveSecretarywillbeappointedbytheSectoralCouncilforaperiodoffiveyears.NationalFocalPointswillbeestablishedinallmembercountriestocoordinatetheworkofnationalinstitutionsandtheLVBC.TheLakeVictoriaBasinCommissionwasestablishedasaninstitutionoftheEAC.TheSectoralCouncilshouldestablishlinkswithotherSectoralCouncilsoftheEACifappropriate.BoththeSectoralCouncilandtheCoordinationCommitteewillholdmeetingstwiceayear.

withsubstantialquantitiesofwaterdivertedfromthelaketoirrigateflowers.

Riparian Countries Area of Basin in Country

Burundi 13.060 7.2 Kenya 38,913 21.5 Rwanda 20,550 11.4 Tanzania 79,570 44.0 Uganda 28,857 15.9

Total 1�0,9�0 100%

Organizational Structure AsaninstitutionoftheEastAfricanCommunity(EAC)andasprovidedforintheTreatyestablishingtheCommunity,theCommissionoperateswithinthefollowingorganizationalstructure,theSectoralCouncil,CoordinationCommittee,SectoralCommitteesandaSecretariatoftheCommission.TheCommissionSecretariatisrunbyanExecutiveSecretaryandtwoDeputyExecutiveSecretaries.TheHeadquartersoftheSecretariatwillbeinKisumu,Kenya.

Nov29,2003 LakeVictoria Kenya;Tanzania; Sustainable Uganda Development Protocol

Geographical Scope LakeVictoriaBasin

Lake Victoria Basin

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African River BasinsFunctions/MandateThebroadfunctionsoftheCommissionaretopromote,facilitateandcoordinateactivitiesofdifferentactorstowardssustainabledevelopmentandpovertyeradicationintheLakeVictoriaBasinbyharmonizationofpolicies,laws,regulationsandstandards,andpromotionofstakeholdersparticipationinsustainabledevelopmentofnaturalresources.

Management Plans and ActionPrograms Plans/Programs/ProjectsTheplansforthenextfiveyearsofthe2006–2010DevelopmentStrategyistoconsolidateachievementsalreadyrealized,andcontinueperformingtheCommissioninstitutionalfunctions.CoordinatingandliaisingwithmajorstakeholdersintheongoingandnewregionalprojectsincludingLakeVictoriaEnvironmentalProjectphaseII(LVEMPII),MountElgonEcosystemConservationProject(MERCEP),thesafetyofNavigationonLakeVictoriaandcapacitybuilding.AVisionandStrategydocumentwassignedin2004,whichshallbetheguidingdocumentinidentifyingthescope,priorities,andtypeofactivitiestobeincludedintheCommission’sworkprogram.

Monitoring and InformationSystems TheSecretariatisinchargeofdisseminatinginformationontheCommissiontostakeholdersandtheinternationalcommunity.ThefunctionsoftheSecretariataretoestablisharegionaldatabaseandpromotesharingofinformation,thedevelopmentofinformationsystemsanddataexchange;todisseminateinformationontheCommissiontostakeholdersandtheinternationalcommunity;tomobilizeresourcesfortheimplementationofprojectsandprogramsoftheCommission;andtodevelopasustainablefundingmechanismforfacilitatingthesustainabledevelopmentofthebasin.EachPartnerStateshallperiodically,atintervalstobedeterminedbytheCouncil,reportonmeasures,whichithastakenfortheimplementationoftheprovisionsofthisProtocolandtheireffectivenessinmeetingtheobjectivesofthisProtocol.

Rules on Decision-Making andProcedure for Dispute ResolutionDecisionsatalllevelsaretakenbyconsensus.IntheeventofadisputebetweenPartnerStatesconcerningtheinterpretationorapplicationoftheProtocol,thePartnerStatesconcernedshallseeksolutionbynegotiation.IfthePartnerStatesdonotresolvethedisputebynegotiating,eitherPartnerStateortheSecretaryGeneralofEACmayrefersuchdisputetotheEastAfricanCourtofJusticeinaccordancewithArticles28and29oftheTreaty.ThedecisionoftheEastAfricanCourtofJusticeonanydisputereferredtoitunderthisProtocolshallbefinal.TheSectoralCouncilpromulgatesitsownrulesandproceduresofdecision-makingconsistentwiththeTreaty.TheProtocolstipulatesthat,ifaconflictbetweenthememberstatescannotbesettledbynegotiations,eachofthecontestingpartiesortheSecretaryGeneraloftheEACcanbringtheconflictingmattertotheEastAfricanCourtofJustice.Itsdecisionsarefinal.

Financing of LVBC and ItsCooperative StructuresThesourcesoffundsfortheCommissionshallbefromtheEastAfricanCommunitybudget,stakeholders’contributions,developmentpartners,andothersuchsourcesasshallbeestablishedbytheSectoralCouncil.

Stakeholder ParticipationStakeholdersarerepresentedintheSectoralCommittees(e.g.seniorofficialsofpartnerstates,headsofpublicinstitutions,representativesofregionalinstitutions,representativesfromsectorscoveredunderthisProtocol,business,industry,andcivilsociety).Publicparticipationinplanninganddecision-makingispromotedbythe

protocol.TheSecretariatisrequiredtodisseminateinformationontheCommissiontostakeholdersandtheinternationalcommunity.ProjectsandProgramsarederivedthroughanintensiveparticipatoryapproachinvolvingthepartnerstates.Therehasbeenestablished“FocalPointOfficers”fortheCommissionineachcountrywhocoordinateactivitiesatcountrylevel.Inaddition,CivilSocietyandPrivateSectoriseffectivelybeinginvolvedasdepictedintheOrganisationstructure.

Historical record of Cooperation WhentheEastAfricanCommunity(EAC)wasre-establishedbyKenya,TanzaniaandUgandain1999,theEACtreatyprovidedforthejointmanagementoftransboundarywatercatchmentareas.LakeVictoriahasbeenexplicitlymentionedasoneofthemostimportantsharednaturalresources.ThebasinhasbeendeclaredasanEconomicGrowthZone,andtheEACSecretariathasadoptedtheLakeVictoriaDevelopmentProgramandestablishedtheCommitteeforLakeVictoriaDevelopment.ThishasbeenadecisiveimpulseforestablishingtheLakeVictoriaBasinCommission.ThePartnershipAgreement(2001)betweentheEACandtheinternationaldonorsestablishedlong-lastingrelationshipstopromotethesustainabledevelopmentofthebasin.APartnershipConsultativeCommitteehasbeenentrustedwiththeimplementationofthePartnershipAgreement,andaPartnershipFundhasbeenset-up.TheEACcreatedaunitattheEAC-SecretariatandaPolicyAdvisoryBodyforimplementingtheprogram.

References and Links

WulfKlohnandMihailoAndjelic(1999)LakeVictoria:

ACaseinInternationalCooperation,FAO.

Lake Victoria Basin

LIMPOPO RIVER BASINName of Organization:LimpopoWaterCourse Commission (LIMCOM)Telephone:E-Mail: Head of Organization: Position: Contact Person: Mr.BeyersHavengaPosition: Chair,TechnicalTaskforce(LBPTC)Address: E-Mail: beyersh@dwaf.gov.zaWebsite:Year Launched: 2003

Length of River: 1750kmTotal Population: 14million(2004est.)Total Rainfall: Variesfrom290mm/yearto1040mm/yearwithameanof530mm/year.Rain-Fed Agriculture: Irrigated Agriculture: Theirrigationpoten-tialinthisbasinisestimatedat295,000haofwhich242,000haarepresentlyirrigated.

Riparian Countries

Botswana 81,500 19.65

Mozambique 87,200 21.02

SouthAfrica 183,500 44.25

Zimbabwe 62,600 15.08

Total �1�,��0 100%

Organizational StructureAtthemomenttheCouncilwhichcomprisesofpermanentmembersfrommemberstatesistheonlypermanentstructure.Butotherorgansincludingasecretariatareplanned.

Organizational Structure for CooperationTheprincipalorganoftheLimpopoWatercourseCommission(LIMCOM)istheCouncil,whichconsistsofthememberstates’delegations.Eachgovernmentappointsthreepermanentmembers.Additionally,eachdelegationisallowedtobeaccompaniedtothemeetingsbynomorethanthreeadvisors.TheCouncilcanconsultexpertsandestablishworkinggroupsifnecessary.TheCouncilmeetsatleasttwiceayear.

Geographical ScopeThiscoverstheLimpopoRiveranditstributariesoftheShashiandElephantrivers.

Limpopo River Basin

Date Treaty Basin Signatories Treaty Name Feb17,1983 SharedWaters Mozambique;South TripartiteCommittee Africa;Swaziland Agreement Nov27,2003 SharedWaters Botswana;Mozambique; FormationofLIMCOM SouthAfrica;Zimbabwe Agreement

African River BasinsFunctions/MandateTheobjectivesofLIMCOMaretoadvisetheContractingPartiesandproviderecommendationsontheusesoftheLimpopo,itstributaries,anditswatersforpurposesandmeasuresofprotection,preservationandmanagementoftheLimpopo.LIMCOMisalegalauthoritywhichadvisesthememberstatesandprovidesrecommendationsontheuses,protection,preservation,andmanagementoftheLimpopoanditstributaries.TheCounciladvisestheContractingPartiesonthefollowingmatters,measuresandarrangementstodeterminethelong-termsafeyieldofwater;theequitableandreasonableutilizationoftheLimpopotosupportsustainabledevelopmentintheterritoryofallmemberstates;allaspectsrelatedtotheefficientandeffectivecollection,processinganddisseminationofdataandinformationandthedevelopmentofcontingencyplans,investigations,andstudies.

Management Plans and Action ProgramsNoinformationavailable.

Monitoring and InfomationSystemsTheCounciladvisestheContractingPartiesonallaspectsrelatedtotheefficientandeffectivecollection,processinganddisseminationofdataandinformationwithregardtotheLimpopo.

Rules on Decision-Making and Procedure for Dispute ResolutionDecisionsareadoptedonthebasisofconsensusaslongasaquorumofthreedelegationsisrealized.Inthecaseofadisputetheconflictingpartiesarerequiredtoenterintonegotiations.Ifasolutioncannotbereachedwithinsixmonths,thedisputecanbereferredtotheSADCTribunalunlessthepartiesagreeotherwise.DecisionsoftheTribunalarefinalandbinding.

Financing of LIMCOM and Its Cooperative StructuresEachmemberstatecoversthecostsofitsdelegation.Meetingsarefinancedbythehostingmemberstate.AllfurthercostsorliabilitiesincurredbytheCommissionareequallycoveredbyallmemberstates.

Stakeholder ParticipationArticlesintheagreementrequiretheCounciltodeterminetowhatextenttheinhabitantsoftheterritoryofeachmemberstateshallparticipateintheplanning,utilization,sustainabledevelopment,protection,andconservationoftheLimpopo.

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Historical Record of Co-operationIn1986theriparianstatessignedanagreementestablishingtheLimpopoBasinPermanentTechnicalCommittee(LBPTC)asanadvisorybodyforthedevelopmentofthewaterresourcesoftheLimpopo.TheLBPTClackedanorganizationalstructureandformaldecision-makinganddisputeresolutionprocedures,andremainedinactiveforalmostadecademainlyduetothepoliticalsituationinSouthernAfrica.Afterthepoliticalchangein1994,andfollowingtheinterventionoftheSADCWaterSectorCoordinationUnit(SADC-WSCU)andthedecisionoftheSADC-WSCUandtheLBPTCtodevelopanactionplantotacklewater-relateddiseasesintheLimpopobasinfinallyanagreementwasreached.In2003theagreementestablishingtheLimpopoWaterBasinCommission(LIMCOM)wassignedasasuccessortotheLBPTC.BilateralinstitutionsliketheJointPermanentTechnicalCommitteeformedbyBotswanaandSouthAfricain1983andtheJointWaterCommissionformedbySouthAfricaandMozambiquein1996stillexistalongsidetheLIMCOM.

References and LinksWirkus,L.andBöge,V.2005.AfrikasinternationaleFlüsseundSeen.StandundErfahrungenimgrenzüberschreitendenWassermanagementinAfrikaanausgewähltenBeispielen.GutachtenimRahmendesForschungsprojektes„GrenzüberschreitendesWassermanagementinAfrika“desBundesministeriumsfürwirtschaftlicheZusammenarbeitundEntwicklung.ErsterEntwurf,Jan

Limpopo River Basin

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NIGER RIVER BASINName of Organization: Ni-gerBasinAuthority(NBA)Administrative Address: NBASecretariat,P.O.Box729Telephone:+227723102Fax:+227724208,Niamey,NigerE-Mail: abnsec@intnet.ne Head of Organization: MrMohammedBelloTUGAPosition:ExecutiveSecretaryAddress: P.O.Box7296,Niamey,NigerE-Mail:abnsec@intnet.neWebsite: www.abn.ne/webengYear Launched: 1980

Basic DataTotal Area: 2,113,200km2

Length of River:4,200kmTotal Population: 109millioninhabitantsTotal Rainfall:Variesfrom1200mm/yearto3000mm/yearinGuineazoneto500mm/yearto1200mm/yearin

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Organizational StructureTheSummitofHeadsofStateisresponsibleforpolicy/decision-makingandthegeneraldevelopmentstrategyofNBA.NBAsettlesallissuesthatremainunresolvedbytheCouncilofMinisters.TheCouncilisrespon-siblefordecision-makingandthesupervi-sionoftheSecretariatbasedonadvicefromtheTechnicalCommittee.Thesecretariatismannedbytwodirectorates,theTechnicalandAdministrationandFinancedirector-ates.Theexecutivesecretaryisresponsibleforthemanagementoftheauthorityandexecutionofitsprograms.HeissupportedbyaLegalAdvisorandaDonorsAdvisoryCommittee.FinancesarecontrolledbyanInternalAuditorandaFinancialController.

Organizational Struc-ture for cooperationTheNBAisanintergovernmentalorgani-zationthatseekstoensureintegratedde-velopmentofthebasinthroughstrongerinternationalcooperation.EachmemberstateappointsrepresentativestoserveasexpertsontheTechnicalCommitteeofExperts.TheCommitteemeetsaccord-ingtoascheduleapprovedbytheCoun-cilandpreparestheCouncilsessions.

Sudanesezoneto100mm/yearto500mm/yearinSahelianzoneRain-Fed Agriculture:Irrigated Agriculture: Thetotalir-rigationpotentialinthebasinisabout2.8millionhaofwhichabout930,000haarepresentlyirrigated.Other: Highhydropowerpoten-tialofabout30,000GWHwithacur-rentinstallationof7000GWH.

Riparian Countries

Area of Basin in Country km2 % Algeria 161,300 7.63 Benin 45,300 2.14 BurkinaFaso 82,900 3.93 Cameroon 88,100 4.17 Chad 16,400 0.78 IvoryCoast 22,900 1.08 Guinea 95,900 4.54 Mali 540,70025.58 Niger 497,90023.56 Nigeria 561,90026.69 SierraLeone 50 0.00

Total 2,11�,��0 100%

Niger River Basin

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African River BasinsList of Treaties/Agreements

Feb26,1885 Congo,Niger Austria-Hungary;Belgium; GeneralAgreement Denmark;France;Germany; GreatBritain;Italy;Netherlands; Norway;Portugal;Russia;Spain; Sweden;Turkey;USA April20,1921 Niger France;GreatBritain; BarcelonaConvention Oct26,1963 Niger Cameroon;Chad;Dahomey; Navigation/Economic Guinea;Mali;Niger;Nigeria; CooperationAgreement UpperVolta Nov25,1964 Niger Benin;BurkinaFaso; RiverNiger Cameroon;Chad;IvoryCoast; Commission-Transport Guinea;Mali;Niger;Nigeria Agreement Nov21,1980 Niger Benin;Cameroon;Chad NigerBasinAuthority IvoryCoast;Guinea;Mali; Convention Niger;Nigeria;UpperVolta Oct27,1987 Niger Algeria;Benin;BurkinaFaso; RevisedBasinFinancial Cameroon;Chad;Guinea; Procedures IvoryCoast;Mali;Niger;Nigeria; Oct29,1987 Niger Benin;BurkinaFaso;Cameroon; RevisedConventionon Chad;IvoryCoast;Guinea;Mali; NBACreation Niger;Nigeria July12,1988 Niger Mali;Niger UtilizationofNigerWater Resources July18,1990 Niger Niger;Nigeria SharingofCommon Waters Jan14,1999 Niger Benin;Niger Hydroelectric Management

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Geographical ScopeThisincludestheNigerRiverwhichoriginatesfromGuineawithitstributariesofBani,Gouroval,Dargol,Sirba,Gouroubi,DiamamgouandTapoa,alloriginatingfromBurkinaFaso.TheothertributariesincludeMekrou,AliboriandSotaoriginat-ingfromBeninandBenuefromChad.Functions/MandateTheNBAaimstopromotecooperationamongthememberstatesandtoensureintegrateddevelopmentofthebasinthroughdevelopmentofitsresourcesinthefieldsofenergy,waterresources,agriculture,forestry,transport,communications,andindustry.Specialprovisionsaremadeforenvironmentaldamagepreventionandcon-trol,includingpreventionandcontrolofwaterpollutionandpromotionofhumanhealthaswellasfloraandfaunainthebasin.Theparticularobjectivesareharmonizingandcoordinatingthenationalpoliciesofthememberstates,designing,implementingandmaintainingcommonprojectsaswellaspreparingandimplementinganinte-grateddevelopmentplanforthebasin.

Management Plans and Action ProgramsTheNBAhasconductedseveralprojectstotacklespecificproblemsinthebasinsuchasaquaticweedcontrol,desertificationcontrolandthepromotionofbiomassgasproductionanduse.Thereisalsoanongoingproject(TRI-NIGER)on“ReinforcementoftheNBAcapacityonconflictresolutionamongitsmemberstates”.OneothermajorprojectisHYDRONIGER,withtheobjectiveofestab-lishinganoperationalhydrologicalforecast-ingsystem,toassistthememberstatesintheirdroughtandfloodcontrolactivities,andtoprovidedataforagricultural,hydro-power,navigation,andotherdevelopmentactivitiesontheNigeranditstributaries.Theforecast-ingsystemiscurrently(2000)thelargestinWestAfrica,andthemostwide-spread.

Thesystemallowsfordatacollectionviasatellitecoveringeightoftheninememberstates;onlyChadhasnotbeencoveredduetointernalproblems.Planstomodern-izetheHYDRONIGERsystemareunder-way.TherewasalsoaThree-yearActionPlan(2000-2002)aimingatstrengtheninginstitutionalcapacity,developingregionalprojectstostrengthentheco-ordination,monitoring,andcontrolofnaturalresources,conductingbasicstudiesandimplement-ingpilotprojectswithaviewtoachievingalongtermintegrateddevelopmentofthebasin,developinginformation,publicity,anddocumentationactivitiesandintensifyingcollaborationwithinternationalinstitutions.Twootherstrategicprojects,theGEFprojecton“ReversalofEnvironmentalDegradationTendencyintheNigerBasin”andthedevel-opmentofaStrategicActionPlansupportedbytheWorldBankwerealsoundertaken.MonitoringAnd Information SystemsTheNBAkeepsallmemberstatesinformedonimportantdevelopments.Thememberstatesareobligedtoreportanyprojectorworktheyintendtoundertakewithinthebasin.Monitoringanddatacollectionarealsomajoractivitiesforpurposessuchaswaterqualitycontrolandfloodforecast-ing.TheNBADocumentationCentreandaSecretariatquarterlyBulletinareusedtofacilitateinformationdissemination.

Niger River Basin

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African River BasinsRules on Decision-MakingAnd Procedure for Dispute ResolutionRecommendationsandresolutionsoftheCouncilofMinistersareadoptedbyconsensus.Disputesovertheinterpreta-tionorimplementationoftheConventionaresettledthroughdirectnegotiations.Ifaconsensuscannotbereached,thedisputecanbebroughtbeforetheSum-mitoftheHeadsofStateandGovern-mentbyoneofthememberstates.

Financing of NBAAnd Its Cooperative StructuresEachmemberstatecontributestothebud-getoftheNBAonthebasisofasharingformulathatwasagreeduponbythestatesandlastrevisedin2000.Thecontributiontothebudgetrangesfrom30%forNige-riato1%forChad.TheNBAalsoseeksfinancialsupportfromexternaldonors.

Stakeholder ParticipationTherearenospecificprovisionsforstake-holderparticipationintheagreements.StakeholderscanaccessinformationthroughtheNBA’sDocumentationCen-tre,andaquarterlyinformationbulletinwhichispublishedbytheSecretariat.

Historical record of cooperation TheNigerRiverCommissionwasestablishedin1964byAgreementofthenineRiparianCountries.Itwasoriginallylimitedtothecon-trolofnavigationandtransportontheNiger.Theagreementwasamendedin1973result-inginthereorganizationofadministrative,executive,andpolicy-makingstructuresandchangingtheroleoftheCommissionfromacontrollingtoanimplementationagency.AsasuccessortotheCommission,theConven-tionestablishingtheNigerBasinAuthoritywassignedinNovember1980.Functions

wereextendedtocoverdatacollection,plan-ning,regulationofwateruseandnavigation,environmentalmatters,irrigation,andagricul-turaldevelopment.TheConventionwasre-visedoncemorein1987inordertoredefinetheobjectivesoftheNBA,toadoptamorefocuseddevelopmentprogram,torestruc-turetheSecretariatandimprovethefinancialsituationoftheauthority.Finallyin1998,aresourcefulleadershipemergedandwiththecooperationandassistanceofthecountriesanddonors,theNBAwasrevitalized.ProjectsliketheHYDRONIGERhavebeenrevampedandnewdonorsupporthasinitiatednewproj-ectsincludingthedevelopmentofasharedvisionforthefuturedevelopmentofthebasin.

ChallengesDesertificationandlanddegradation,wa-terresourcesreduction,unsustainableexploitationofnaturalresources,poverty,migration,institutionalcapacitybuilding,strengtheningcooperationformanage-mentanddevelopment,stakeholderin-volvementandneedformorefunding.

References and Links i) NBA,SharedVisionforSustainable DevelopmentofNigerRiverBasin, AStrategicandParticipatoryApproach,2004. ii) NBA,SharedVisionforSustainableDevelop- mentofNigerRiverBasin,Phase2Presentat- ionDocument2:PreparationofSustainable developmentActionPlan(Draft,20Dec.2004).iii) NBA/GEF,InversionoftheSoilandWater DegradationTendenciesintheNigerRiver Basin,Trans-BoundaryDiagnosis,December 2002.iv) VariousworkingpapersofWorldBankand AfDB.v) NEPAD,Short–TermActionPlanforInfra- structure,MainReport,2002.vi) Burchi,StefanoandMelvinSpreij.2003. InstitutionsforInternationalFreshwater Management.TechnicalDocumentsin HydrologyNo.3.UNESCO-IHP.

NILE BASINName of Organization:NileBasinInitiative(NBI)Administrative Address:NileBasinInitiativeSecretariat,P.O.Box192,Entebbe,Uganda.Telephone:256-41-321424/321329/320971E-Mail: nbisec@nibasin.orgHead of Organization:Mr.AudaceNdayizeyePosition:ExecutiveDirectorContact Person/People:TomWaakoBagumaPosition: ProgramOfficerAddress:Secretariat,Nile-SecE-Mail: twaako@nilebasin.orgWebsite: www.nilebasin.orgYear Launched:1999Basic DataTotal Area: 3.04millionkm2;Lakes:81,500km2;Swamps:70,000km2;therestisland.Length of River: 6,700km

Nile River Basin

African River BasinsbetweenriparianstatesandtheinternationalcommunityismaintainedbytheInternationalConsortiumforCooperationontheNile(ICCON),auniqueforumconvenedbytheWorldBank.ICCONensurescoordinatedandtransparentsupportforenhancingcooperativewaterresourcesdevelopmentandmanagementbyimplementingSVPandSAPprojectsinpartnershipwithmemberstates.Thisissupposedtocontributetostrengtheningthecooperationmechanism,long-termsustainabledevelopment,socio-economicgrowthandregionalintegration.Organizational Structurefor CooperationThisincludesthecooperativestructureandorgansforriver/lakebasinorganizations,nationalstaterepresentation,therulesthatgoverntheirinternalrelationsandtheirinter-actionwithnationstates/administrationandtheirmandateandauthority.Suchstructuresincludecolonialagreementsnowregardedascolonialimpositionsthatneedreviewingandexistingagreementsmostofwhichdonotprovideforanymonitoringandenforce-mentmechanisms.Recentagreementsfocusmoreoncooperationinsharingthewaterresourcesandinpromotingsocio-economicdevelopmentinthebasin.Interna-tionallawonwater,indireneedofareview,ispoorlydevelopedandonlyconcernsitselfwithrightsandresponsibilitiesofstates.

Total Population: 280millionin2006;Expectedtoreach591millionin2025;AverageGrowthRate:2.5–3.0%peryear;Population Density: 955/1,000ha.Total Rainfall:MeanAnnualRainfalloverentirebasin:2,000billionm3Rain-Fed Agriculture:MajormeansoffoodproductionIrrigated Agriculture: Over5.5millionhainEgyptandSudanwithpotentialtoexpandto10.4millionha.Plannedexpansionincludes387,000hainUganda,TanzaniaandKenyaand265,000hainEthiopia.TheotherRiparianCountrieshavenoirrigationpotentialanddependonrain-fedagriculture.

Riparian Countries

Burundi 13,000 0.43 DemocraticRepublicof Congo(Zaîreatthetime) 21,700 0.71 Egypt 273,100 8.99 Egypt-administeredbySudan 4,400 0.14 Eritrea 3,500 0.12 Ethiopia 356,900 11.75 Kenya 50,900 1.68 Rwanda 20,800 0.69 Sudan 1,931,300 63.57 Sudan-administeredbyEgypt 2,000 0.07 ofTanzania,UnitedRepublic 120,300 3.96 Uganda 238,900 7.86

Total �,0��,�00 100%

Organizational StructureThecommitteeofministersfromtheRiparianCountries(Nile-COM)isthehighestdecision-makingbodyofNBI.ThisissupportedbytheTechnicalAdvisoryCommittee(Nile-TAC)composedoftwoseniorofficialsfromeachcountry.Thesecretariat(Nile-SEC)providesadministrative,financialandlogisticalsupportandservicestoNile-COMandNile-TAC.Nile-SECisresponsibleforthecoordinationoftheSharedVisionProgram(SVP)workinggroupsandSubsidiaryActionPrograms(SAP).Along-termpartnership

April15,1891 Nile GreatBritain;Italy BoundaryProtocol March18,1902 Nile Ethiopia;GreatBritain ExchangeofNotes May5,1902 Nile Ethiopia;GreatBritain FrontierAgreement May15,1902 Nile Ethiopia; FrontierAgreement GreatBritain May9,1906 Nile Congo; SphereofInfluence GreatBritain Agreement Dec..13,1906 Nile France;GreatBritain; AbyssiniaAgreement Italy Dec..20,1925 LakeTana GreatBritain;Italy Exchangeofnotes May7,1929 Nile Egypt;GreatBritain Exchangeofnotes Nov.22,1934 Nile Belgium;GreatBritain WaterRightsAgreement Dec..7,1946 Nile Egypt;GreatBritain; ProfitsUtilization May31,1949 Nile Egypt;GreatBritain; OwenFallsAgreement NorthernIreland Sept.29,1949 Nile Ethiopia;Great BoundaryAgreement Britain;Northern Ireland Dec..5,1949 Nile Egypt;Great OwenFallsAgreement Britainonbehalfof Uganda Jan.19,1950 Nile Egypt; CooperationAgreement GreatBritain April8,1950 Nile Belgium;France; Tripartite Committee Luxembourg Protocol July16,1952 Nile Egypt;GreatBritain; OwenFallsAgreement NorthernIreland Nov.8,1959 Nile Sudan;United WaterUtilization ArabRepublic Agreement Jan.17,1960 Nile Sudan;UnitedArab PermanentTechnical Republic Committee Aug.24,1977 Kagera Burundi;Rwanda KageraRiverBasin Tanzania;Uganda Agreement May18,1981 Kagera Burundi;Rwanda UgandaAccession Jan.1,1993 Nile Egypt;Sudan; Establishmentof Rwanda;Tanzania; TECCONILE UgandaandZaire

Nile River Basin

July1,1993 Nile Egypt;Ethiopia Cooperation Framework Aug5,1994 LakeVictoria Kenya;Tanzania; Environmental Uganda Management Agreement Feb.1999 Nile Burundi;DRC; Expansionof Egypt;Ethiopia; TECCONILE-NBI Kenya;Rwanda; Sudan;Tanzania andUganda

Geographical ScopeThisincludesthewholeNileBasincomprisingofallsub-basinsandwatercoursesystemscontainedtherein.

Functions/MandateNBIisamulti-functionalriverbasinorganizationwhosemainobjectivesare:♦ Provisionofaplatformforco-opera- tionandforbuildingworking relationships betweentheRiparianCountries♦ Provisionofanarrangementbywhich tomoveforwardfromdiscussionto action♦ Implementationofthe“Strategic ActionProgram”

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Management Plans and Action ProgramsTheNBIplanstoimplementprojects,inpartnershipwithmemberstates,thatwillcontributetostrengtheningthecoopera-tionmechanismandtolong-termsustain-abledevelopment,economicgrowthandregionalintegration.Thiswillbeachievedthroughtheimplementationoftwocomple-mentarysub-programs:TheSharedVisionProgram(SVP)andtheSubsidiaryActionProgram(SAP).TheSVPwillcontributeinthecreationofanenablingenvironmentforinvestmentsandactiononthegroundandwillpromotethesharedvisionthroughasetofeffectivebasin-wideactivities.TheSharedVisionProjectswillbePowerForum,Wa-terResourcesManagement,Environment,Agriculture,AppliedTraining,BenefitSharingandCommunicationswiththeProjectMan-agementUnitsinTanzania,Ethiopia,Sudan,Kenya,Egypt,UgandaandtheNile-SECHQrespectively.Aninitialsetofsevenbasin-wideSVPprojectshasbeenendorsedbyNile-COMandtheirprojectdocumentsprepared.Theyinclude:environmentalaction,powertrade,efficientwateruseforagriculture,waterresourcesplanningandmanagement,com-munications,appliedtraining,andsocio-eco-nomicdevelopmentandbenefitsharing.SAPplanandimplementactiononthegroundatthelowestappropriatelevel.Theywillcom-priseactualdevelopmentprojectsatsub-ba-sinlevel,involvingtwoormorecountriesinordertoaddressthechallengesofregionalco-operationanddevelopmentopportunitieswithtransboundaryimplications.Twogroupsofcountrieshavebeenformedtoinvesti-gatethedevelopmentofinvestmentprojectsontheNileBasin.ThesearetheEasternNileGroup(ENSAP),whichincludesEgypt,SudanandEthiopia;andtheNileEquato-rialLakesGroup(NELSAP)comprisingUganda,Tanzania,Kenya,Rwanda,BurundiandtheDemocraticRepublicofCongo.

Monitoring and InformationSystemsInformationisformallyprovidedtothemem-berstatesandotherstakeholdersthroughthesecretariatandtheorganizationweb-site.Regularmeetingsofthecommittees,conferencesandworkshopsatdifferentlevelsresultinnewpolicyformulationsandmodificationsofexistingandplannedmea-suresthataremadeavailabletostakehold-ersbythesecretariatand/orwebsite.

Rules on Decision-Making and Procedure for Dispute ResolutionTheNile-COMinconsultationwithNile-TACisthesoledecision-makingorgan.Disputes,iftheyoccur,arereferredtotheCOMandTACcommitteeswhoworkoutsolutionsmutuallyacceptabletothepartiesinvolved.Incasesuchsolutionsdonotworktheag-grievedpartiesmaybereferredtointerna-tionalarbitratorsinwaterconflictresolutionandtransboundarywaterssuchasPotentialConflicttoCooperationPotential(PCCP).

Financing of NBI and Its Co-operative StructuresNBIissupportedbycontributionfromtheNBIcountriesthemselvesandthroughthegener-oussupportofseveralmultilateralandbilat-eraldonors.Thefundssoraisedareman-agedthroughaWorld-BankmanagedNileBasinTrustFund(NBTF).Atthebasin-widelevelNBTFfundssupporttheimplementa-tionoftheprojectswithinSVP,strengtheningofNBIinstitutionalcapacityandfacilitatingtheprocessofNBIdialogueandengage-ment.Atthesub-basinlevel,NBTFfundssupportthepreparationandimplementationofinvestmentprojects,buildingcapacityforregionalcoordinationandpreparationofjointprojectsandprovidingadvisoryservicesandsupporttosub-regionalinstitutions.

Nile River Basin

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African River BasinsStakeholder ParticipationStakeholderparticipationintotheNBIac-tivitiesisensuredthroughtheNileBasinDiscourse(NBD),anetworkofcivilsocietyorganizationsfromthetencountriesoftheNilebasin.Thenetworkseekspositiveinflu-enceoverthedevelopmentofprojectsandprogramsunderNBIandotherNile-relatedprograms.TheoverallobjectiveofNBDistopromotesustainableandequitabledevelop-ment,povertyreduction,andcooperationbetweenallstakeholdersintheNileBasin.NBDiscontinuouslygettingmoreengagedinNBIactivitiesandinsodoingbringingthevoicesofthevoicelessintotheheartofthiskeyinter-governmentalprocess.Website: www.nilebasindiscourse.org

Historical Record of Co-operationAftersuccessfulimplementationoftheTEC-CONILEproject,theNilecountriesministersinchargeofwateraffairsagreedtoexpandthemandateofTECCONILEandthereforelaunchedanewtransitionalinstitutionalmechanismunderthenameNileBasinInitia-tive(NBI),inFebruary1999.Thisisconsid-eredtobeatransitionalarrangementuntilapermanentlegalframeworkisputinplace.TheNBImemberstatesareBurundi,Demo-craticRepublicofCongo,Egypt,Ethiopia,Ke-nya,Rwanda,Sudan,TanzaniaandUganda.

BakerM.M.,1997:ThePotentialoftheNileRiverBasinandtheEconomicDevelopmentofSudan,printedinAmericanAlmanac1997.http://members.tripod.com/~american_almanac/sudan.htm#FAO.SystematicIndexofInternationalWaterResourcesTreaties,Declarations.ActsandCases,byBasin:VolumeI.LegislativeStudy#15,1978;#34,1984.FAO.1997.IrrigationpotentialinAfrica:Abasinapproach,FAOLandAndWaterBulletin4.

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OKAVANGO RIVER BASINName of Organization: PermanentOkavangoRiverBasinWaterCommission(OKACOM)Administrative Address:Telephone:+257-390-3165Ext.109Mobile: +267-7247-0326E-Mail: okavcom_iss@irbm.co.bwHead of Organization: Position: Contact Person/People: Position: Address: E-Mail: okacom_iss@irbm.co.bwWebsite: www.okacom.orgFax: +267-390-3193Year Launched:1994Basic DataTotal Area: 725,000km2

Length of River: 1,100kmTotal Population: 800,000inhabitantsTotal Rainfall: Variesfrom1300mm/yearin Angolato300mm/yearand400mm/yearinNamibiaandBotswanarespectively.

Okavango River Basin

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African River BasinsOrganizational Structure forCooperationTheagreementof1994facilitatedthecre-ationofthePermanentOkavangoRiverBasinWaterCommission(OKACOM)asacoordinatingorganizationtoactasaprimetechnicaladvisortothethreememberstatesregardingtheconservation,development,anduseofwaterresourcesofmutualinter-est.OKACOMhasneitherapermanentsecretariatnoralargestaffcomplement.Initscourseofaction,OKACOMestab-lishedtheOkavangoRiverSteeringCom-mitteetoimplementtheTrans-BoundaryDiagnosticAnalysis.TheCommitteehastwotechnicalmembersfromeachriparianstateandhasthemandatetoadvisetheCommis-siononalltechnicalmatters.Undertheum-brellaofOKACOM,thememberstatesarejointlyworkingonaproposaltodevelopanin-tegratedwaterresourcesmanagementstrat-egy.Inthisrespect,OKACOMhastoover-comemajordifficultiessuchastheabsenceofreliablebasin-widedataandtheconflictingnationalperspectivesonresourceneeds.

Sep16,1994 Okavango Angola;Botswana OKACOM Namibia Agreement

Rain-Fed Agriculture: Irrigated Agriculture: Theirrigation potentialofthisbasinisestimatedat210,000ha.Other:Hydropowerdevelopmentinthelowercatchmentislimitedbyrelativelyflatterrainandsandysoils.Angolahashighhydropowerpotential.

Riparian Countries Country Area of Basin in Country Km2 %

Angola 150,100 21.23 Botswana 358,200 50.65 Namibia 176,200 24.93 Zimbabwe 22,600 3.19

Total �0�,�00 100

Organizational StructureThehighestorganofOKACOMistheInter-ministerialcommitteefrommemberstatesandtwotechnicalmembersfromeachstate.TheOkavangoRiverSteeringCom-mitteecomposedoftwomembersfromeachstateimplementsthetransboundaryintegratedwaterresourcesmanagement.

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Geographical ScopeThisbasinincludestheOkavangoRiverwithitstwotributariesofCubangoandCuito.

Functions/MandateOKACOMadvisesitsmemberstatesonmeasuresandarrangementstodeterminethelong-termsafeyieldofwateravailablefromallpotentialwaterresourcesintheOkavangoRiverBasinandtoanticipatedemand;criteriatobeadoptedfortheequi-tableallocation,conservation,andsustain-ableutilizationofwaterresourcesinthebasin;investigations,separatelyorjointlybythecontractingparties,relatedtothedevelopmentofanywaterresourcesinthebasin,includingtheconstruction,operationandmaintenanceofanywaterworksandpreventionofpollutionofwaterresourcesandcontrolofaquaticweedsinthebasin.

Management Plans and Action ProgramsInordertodevelopanIntegratedBasinManagementPlan,thefollowingactivi-tiesweresupposedtobeundertaken:

• Trans-BoundaryDiagnosticAssess-mentstudytoidentifykeyareasofconcernandgapsinknowledgeofthephysicalandsocio-econom-icsystemoftheriverbasin;

• StrategicActionProgramtostruc-tureinputsandresourcespriortotheimplementationofalarg-erjointprogramofaction;

• basin-wideEnvironmentalAssess-mentwiththeparticipationofstake-holdersincludingtheestablishmentofchannelsofcommunicationforef-fectivecoordination,consultation,andcooperationamongthestakeholders.

Monitoring and Information Systems InorderforOKACOMtofulfillitsmandate,theAgreementstipulatedthatthesignatorystatessupplytheCommissionwiththerequiredinformation.ThesignatorystateswerealsorequiredtonotifytheCommissionandeachotherofanyproposeddevelopmentandbeforewaterregulatingactionsareundertaken.

Rules on Decision-Making and Procedure for Dispute ResolutionTheCommissiondefinesitsownrulesofprocedure.Decision-makingisbasedonnegotiationsamongtheconcernedpartiesandisbasedonconsensus.Ifnodecisionscanbemade,thematterisreferredtothememberstatesforfurthernegotiation.Therearenoformalsanctioningmechanismsfornon-complianceofagreeduponrulesandprocedures.AnydisputeconcerningtheinterpretationorimplementationoftheOKACOMAgreementwastobesettledbythememberstates.

Financing of OKACOM and Its Cooperative StructuresEachmemberstatebearsthecostsofitsowndelegation.ThememberstatehostingameetingofOKACOMbearsthemeetingcosts.OthercostsorliabilitiesacceptedbytheCommissionintheperformanceofitsfunctionsandtheexerciseofitspower,shallbesharedequallybythememberstates,unlessotherwiseagreedbytheCommission.OKACOMhasasmallstaffcomplement;itisnotanexpensiveorganizationwhichreliesonasmallbudget.

Stakeholder ParticipationNospecificprovisionsalthoughintensivelobbyinghastakenplacebytheOkavangoLiaisonGroup,acoalitionofnon-governmentalorganizationsformedin1996.

Okavango River Basin

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African River BasinsTheInternationalRiversNetwork(IRN)hasbeenactivelyinvolvedindevelopingthiscoalition.InternationalactorsinvolvedaretheIUCN,WorldWildlifeFund,GreenCrossInternationalandGreenPeace.

Historical Record of Co-operationBeforethe“AgreementontheEstablishmentofaPermanentOkavangoRiverBasinWaterCommission”wassignedbythethreeriparianstatesin1994,onlybilateralagreementsexisted.InSeptember1990,thegovernmentsofAngolaandNamibiaagreedtoendorseandaffirmtheoldagreementontheKuneneRiver,signedbetweenthecolonialpowersofPortugalandSouthAfricaandtore-establishthePermanentJointTechnicalCommission(PJTC).InNovember1990,thegovernmentsofNamibiaandBotswanasignedatreatytoestablishaJointPermanentTechnicalCommission(JPTC).ThiscommissionhasthesamefunctionsasOKACOMbutoperatesseparately.TheJPTCcoverstheChobe-Linyantiwatersystem.Thus,thisagreementdidnotincludethethreeripariansintoonecoherentcommission,partlybecauseofthethenongoingAngolancivilwaratthattime.In1991,theNamibiangovernmentstartedaninitiativetoinvolveallriparianstates,whichsubsequentlyledtotheestablishmentofthePermanentOkavangoRiverBasinWaterCommission(OKACOM)in1994.

ChallengesLackofbasin-wideorganizationsforwaterresourcesmanagement,inadequatepoliticaldialogueonIWRM,conflictingdemandsonlimitedwaterresources,lackofsharedvision,unknownwaterdemandsinAngola,limitedcapacityforWRM,highvariabilityofavailablewaterresources,lackofpertinentdataandneedforcooperationinWRM.

References and LinksAshton,Peter.2003.ThesearchforanequitablebasisforwatersharingintheOkavangoRiverBasin,inMikiyasuNakayama(ed.),InternationalWatersinSouthernAfrica,UnitedNationsUni-versityPress:Tokyo,NewYork,Paris,WaterRe-sourcesManagementandPolicy,pp.164-188.Burchi,StefanoandMelvinSpreij.2003.InstitutionsforInternationalFreshwaterManagement,UNESCO/IHP/WWAP,IHP-VI,TechnicalDocumentsinHydrology,PC->CPseriesNo.3,SC-2003/WS/41.Pinheiro,Isidro,GabaakeGabaake,andPietHeyns.2004.CooperationintheOkavangoriverbasin:TheOKACOMperspective,pp.105-118,in:GreenCrossInternational,andUniversityofPretoria.2004.Trans-Boundaryrivers,sovereigntyanddevelop-ment:HydropoliticaldriversintheOkavangoRiverBasin,AWIRU,(http://www.up.ac.za/academics/li-barts/polsci/awiru/transboundaryrivers01.htmlTurton,AnthonyR.2004.Thehydropoliticaldynam-icsofcooperationinSouthernAfrica:Astrategicperspectiveoninstitutionaldevelopmentininter-nationalriverbasins,pp.83-99,in:GreenCrossInternational,andUniversityofPretoria.2004.Trans-Boundaryrivers,sovereigntyanddevelop-ment:HydropoliticaldriversintheOkavangoRiverBasin,AWIRU,(http://www.up.ac.za/academics/li-barts/polsci/awiru/transboundaryrivers01.htmlTurton,AnthonyR.2004.EvolutionofWaterMan-agementInstitutionsinSelectSouthernAfricanInter-nationalRiverBasins,inAsitK.Biswas,OlcayÜn-ver,andCeciliaTortajada(eds.),WaterasaFocusforRegionalDevelopment,OxfordUniversityPress,WaterResourcesManagementSeries,pp.251-289.Turton,AnthonyR.,P.Brynard,andR.Meissner.2002.FourStrategicPolicyIssuesforConsiderationbythePermanentOkavangoRiverBasinWaterCommission(Okacom),3rdWaterNet/WarfsaSym-posium“WaterDemandManagementforSustain-ableDevelopment”,DaresSalaam,30-31October.UNECA,UnitedNationsEconomicCommis-sionforAfrica.2000.Trans-BoundaryRiver/LakeBasinWaterDevelopmentinAfrica:Prospects,Problems,andAchievements,December,ECA/RCID/052/00,AddisAbaba,Ethiopia,pp.43-44.Wormuth,MatthiasandMarc-OliverBuffle.2003.ETHSeminarontheScienceandPoliticsofInter-nationalFreshwaterManagement.TheOkavangoCaseStudy(www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/seminars/Case%20studies/Okavango.pdf)

ORANGE RIVER BASINName of Organization: Orange-SenqueRiverCommission(ORASECOM)Administrative Address:Telephone:E-Mail: Head of Organization: Position: Contact Person/People: Mr.BoikanyoMphoPosition:InterimSecretaryAddress:ORASECOMIntermSecretariatc/oGTZTrans-BoundaryWaterManagementinSADC,22KhamaCrescentE-Mail: Website:Year Launched: Basic DataTotal Area:850,000km2

Length of River:2,300kmTotal Population: 14,100,000inhabitantsTotal Rainfall: Variesfrom35mm/yearto1000mm/yearwithameanvalueof325mm/yearoverthebasin.Rain-Fed Agriculture:

Orange River Basin

African River BasinsIrrigated Agriculture: Theirrigationpotentialforthebasinisestimatedat390,000haofwhich303,000haarepresentlyirrigated.

Riparian Countries

Botswana 121,400 12.85

Lesotho 19,900 2.10

Namibia 240,200 25.40

SouthAfrica 563,900 59.65

Total 9��,�00 100%

Organizational StructureTheCouncilisthehighestbodyofORASECOMsupportedbyataskteamofconsultantsanddonors.Apermanentsecretariatisplanned.

Organizational StructureFor Cooperation ACouncil,whichisthehighestbodyoftheCommission,issupportedbyaTaskTeammadeupofconsultants,donorsetc.TheCouncilconsistsoftheparticipatingcountries̀ delegations,eachhavingthreemembers.TheCouncilmeetsatleastonceayear.

Oct24,1986 Senqu/Orange Lesotho;SouthAfrica LesothoWaterProject Treaty Nov19,1991 Orange Lesotho;SouthAfrica ProtocolIVonWater Treaty Aug31,1992 Orange Lesotho;SouthAfrica AncillaryAgreement Sep14,1992 Frontierof Namibia;SouthAfrica Permanentwater Commission Jan1,1999 Orange Lesotho;SouthAfrica ProtocolVIon Watertreaty Nov3,2000 Orange,Senque Botswana;Lesotho; FormationofORASECOM Naminia;SouthAfrica Agreement

Geographical ScopeTheOrange-SenqueriveroriginatesfromLesothohighlandsandisjoinedbytheMakhaleng,Caledon,VaalandFishrivers.

Functions/MandateORASECOMthroughtheCouncilservesastechnicaladvisertotheRiparianCoun-triesonthedevelopment,utilization,andconservationofthewaterresourcesofthebasin.TheCommissionwasmandatedtodevelopacomprehensiveperspectiveofthebasin,studythepresentandplannedfutureusesoftheriversystem,anddeter-minetherequirementsforflowmonitoringandfloodmanagement.Themainobjec-tivewastherealizationoftheprincipleofequitableandreasonableutilization,aswellastheprincipleofsustainabledevel-opmentwithregardtotheRiverSystem.

Management PlansAnd Action ProgramsTheOrange-Senqubasinhasbeense-lectedasoneofthetargetbasinsoftheEUWaterInitiative.(EUWI).IthaspresentedaportfolioofprojectstotheEUWIrelat-ingtotheharmonizationofthelegislationintheRiparianCountries,thestudyoftrans-boundaryaquifers,waterdemandmanage-ment,abasininformationsystem,capacitybuilding,andstakeholderparticipation.TheCommissionistoundertakeajointassess-mentofalltheresourcesofandusesinthebasinwiththeaimofdevelopinganinte-gratedwaterresourcesmanagementplan.

Monitoring and InformationSystemsThePartieswererequiredtoexchangeavailableinformationanddataregardingthehydrological,hydro-geological,waterquality,meteorological,andenvironmentalcondi-tionsoftheRiverSystem.APartyplan-

ninganyproject,program,oractivitywithregardtotheRiverSystemwhichmayhaveasignificantadverseeffectuponanyoneormoreoftheotherParties,orwhichmayadverselyaffectsuchRiverSystem,mustnotifytheCouncilandprovideallavailabledataandinformationwithregardthereto.

Rules on Decision-Making and Procedure for Dispute ResolutionTheCouncilshallmakeeveryefforttotakedecisionsonthebasisofconsensus.NodecisionoftheCouncilshallbevalidunlesstakenatameetingattendedbyatleastthreeofthedelegations.IntheeventoffailuretoreachagreementatsuchameetingoftheCouncil,themattershallbemadethesub-jectofnegotiationsbetweentheParties.AnydisputebetweenthePartiesarisingoutoftheinterpretationorimplementationofthisAgree-mentshallbesettledamicablythroughcon-sultationand/ornegotiationbetweenthem.Incaseofadispute,decisionsaretransferredtothepoliticallevel.Ifadisputecannotbere-solved,thecaseisreferredtotheSADCTri-bunalwhosedecisionsarefinalandbinding.

Financing of ORASECOM and Its Cooperative StructuresORASECOMisfinancedbytherespectiveMinistriesresponsibleforthemanagementofwaterresourcesofthememberstates.Eachmemberstatecoversthecostsofitsdelegation.Meetingsarefinancedbythehostingmemberstate.AllfurthercostsorliabilitiesincurredbytheCommissionareequallycoveredbyallmemberstates.

Orange River Basin

African River BasinsStakeholder ParticipationTheCouncilshalltakeallmeasuresrequiredtomakerecommendations,ortoadvisetheParties,ontheextenttowhichtheinhabit-antsintheterritoryofeachPartyconcernedshallparticipateinrespectoftheplanning,development,utilization,protectionandconservationoftheRiverSystem,aswellastheharmonizationofpoliciesinthatregardandthepossibleimpactonthesocial,cul-tural,economicandnaturalenvironment.

Historical Record of Co-operationIn1992,SouthAfricaandNamibiaestab-lishedaPermanentWaterCommission(PWC)toadvisethegovernmentsonthedevelopmentoftheLowerOrangeRiver.ThePWCreplacedtheJointTechnicalCommit-tee,whichwasestablishedin1987.NamibiaalsoenteredintoanagreementwithSouthAfricaontheestablishmentofajointauthor-ityforanirrigationschemethatislinkedwiththePWContheLowerOrangeRiver.LesothoandSouthAfricasignedanagree-mentontheLesothoHighlandsWaterProj-ect(LHWP)in1986,whicheventuallyledtotheestablishmentoftheLesothoHighlands

WaterCommission(LHWC).Afteralongprocessofnegotiations,theOrange-SenquRiverCommission(ORASECOM)wasestablishedasthefirstmultinational,multi-lateralinstitutiondealingwiththemanage-mentofthetransboundarywatersystem.

ChallengesRiverbeingperennialbutseasonalinnature,supportingasubstantialpartofSouthAfrica’sgrowingindustrialdevelop-ment,risingdemandforirrigationwater,environmentalimpactsofabstraction,con-structionofinfrastructurenecessitatedbyhighwaterdemandandasecretariatinadifficultoperationalizationphase.

References and LinksConley,A.H.andvanNiekerk,P.H.2000.Sustain-ableManagementofInternationalWaters:TheOrangeRiverCase.WaterPolicy2(2000):131-149.Wirkus,L.andBöge,V.2005.Afrikasinternatio-naleFlüsseundSeen.StandundErfahrungenimgrenzüberschreitendenWassermanagementinAfrikaanausgewähltenBeispielen.GutachtenimRahmendesForschungsprojektes„Grenzübersch-reitendesWassermanagementinAfrika“desBun-desministeriumsfürwirtschaftlicheZusammenarbeitundEntwicklung.ErsterEntwurf,Januar,Bonn.

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RUVUMA BASINName of Organization:Administrative Address:Telephone:E-Mail: Head of Organization: Position: Contact Person/People: Position: Address: E-Mail: Website:Year Launched:

Basic DataTotal Area: 151,700km2

Length of River: 800kmTotal Population: 3,200,000inhabitantsTotal Rainfall: Rain-Fed Agriculture: Irrigated Agriculture:

Ruvuma River Basin

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African River BasinsRiparian Countries

Malawi 400 0.30

Mozambique 99,000 65.27

Tanzania 52,200 34.43

Total 1�1,�00 100%

Organizational StructureOrganizational Structure for Cooperation

Dec.28,1937 Domani,Ruvuma GreatBritain;Portugal Tanganyika-Mozambique BoundaryAgreement

Geographical ScopeFunctions/MandateManagement Plans and Action ProgramsMonitoring and Information SystemsRules on Decision-Making and Procedure for Dispute ResolutionFinancing of NBI and Its Cooperative StructuresStakeholder ParticipationHistorical Record of Co-operation

ChallengesLittledataavailable,underdevelopment,lackofRBOandbasinstudy.

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SENEGAL RIVER BASINName of Organization: OrganizationfortheDevelopmentofSenegalriver(OMVS)Administrative Address: HautCommissaire46,RueCarnot,BP:3152,Dakar,SénégalPhone: (221)823-45-30Email:omvsphc@sentoo.snHead of Organization: M.SalemOuldMerzoukPosition:HighCommissionerEmail: omvsphc@omvs.orgContact Person: AdamaSanogoPosition: SecretaryGeneralE-Mail: adama.sanogo@omvs.orgWebsite: www.omvs.orgYear Launched:1972Basic DataTotal Area: 490,000km2

Length of River: 1,800kmTotal Population: 3,500,000inhabitantsTotal Rainfall: Varies from �� mm/yearinthevalleyanddeltato2,000mm/yearintheUpperbasininGuineawithanoverallbasinaverageof550mm/year.

Senegal River Basin

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African River BasinsRain-Fed Agriculture:About80,000haofvariouscropscultivatedinthevalleyanddelta.Irrigated Agriculture: RapidlyincreasedaftertheconstructionoftheDiamadamandisnowthemaindevelopmentmachineinthebasinfollowedbyfishing.Thetotalirrigationpotentialisestimatedat420,000haofwhichonly118,000haarepresentlyunderirrigation.

Riparian Countries

Guinea 30,800 7.07

Mali 150,800 34.59

Mauritania 219,100 50.25

Senegal 35,200 8.08

Total ��,900 100%

Organizational StructureThehighestauthorityistheConferenceofHeadsofStateandGovernmentwhichdeterminesthegeneralpoliciesofdevelopmentandcooperation.TheCouncilofMinistersisthelegalrepresentativeoftheOMVSanddeterminesthegeneralmanagementpolicyoftheriver,thedevelopmentofitsresourcesandinterstatecooperationandthefinancialcontributionsofthememberstates.ItalsoapprovesthebudgetandRulesofProcedureoftheHighCommissioner.TheOfficeoftheHighCommissioneristheexecutiveorganoftheOMVSandconsistsoffourdepartmentsofAdministrationandAccounting,ForeignRelations,TechnicalMattersandtheRegionalDocumentationCentreunderaSecretariat.

Organizational Structure for CooperationTheOMVSisacomprehensiveorganizationwiththegoaloffosteringeconomicdevelopmentintheSenegalRiverbasinthroughbetterinternationalcooperation.Inthe1972ConventionestablishingtheOMVS,theSenegalRiveranditstributariesweredeclaredan“internationalriver.”Damsbuiltundertheconventionweretermed“commonworks”jointlyownedbythethreememberstates.TheOMVShasestablishedthreeconsultativebodies:ThePermanentWaterCommission,theAdvisoryCommittee,andtheRegionalPlanningCommittee.ThePermanentWaterCommissionistheconsultativebodyoftheCouncilofMinistersandconsistsofrepresentativesofthememberstates.Itsmaintaskisthedefinitionofthewaterallocationamongthememberstatesandsectors,namely:industry,agriculture,andtransport.TheAdvisoryCommitteeistheconsultativebodyoftheOMVSandiscomposedofrepresentativesfromgovernments,financialinstitutionsandtheOMVS.TheRegionalPlanningCommitteeadvisestheOMVSwhethertheavailablewaterresourcescanmeettheregionaldevelopmentplansofthememberstates.ThememberstateshaveestablishedNationalOfficesthatarerepresentedintheAdvisoryCommitteeoftheOMVS.Theyassisttheorganizationinimplementingitsprojectsandcoordinatingitsactivitiesinthememberstates.

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Dec.28,1937 Domani/Ruvuma GreatBritain;Portugal Agreementon Tanganyika- Mozambique Boundary July26,1963 Senegal Guinea;Mali; BamakoConvention Mauritania;Senegal Jan30,1970 Senegal Guinea;Mali; DakarConvention Mauritania;Senegal March11,1972 Senegal Mali;Mauriania; NouakchattConvention Senegal Aug11,1972 Senegal Mali;Mauritania; ConventionCreating Senegal OMVS Dec.21,1978 Senegal Mali;Mauritania; CommonWorks Senegal LegalStatute Convention

Geographical ScopeThiscoverstheSenegalriveranditsmaintributaries,theBafing,BakoyeandFelemeriversoriginatingintheFoutaDjallonmoun-tainsinGuineaandtheKarakoroandGor-golriversoriginatingfromMauritania.

Functions/MandateTheOMVSwasfoundedtoprovidease-cureandsteadilyimprovinglivelihoodfortheinhabitantsoftheriverbasinandneigh-boringstates.ThemandateoftheOMVSisverybroadandrangesfrompolicy-mak-ing,regulationtoprojectimplementation.Specifically,theOMVSiscommissionedtodeterminethewaterallocationbetweenthestatesandsectors,todefinethegen-eraldevelopmentpolicyfortheSenegalRiveranditsresources,andtoplanandimplementprojectsandmonitoring.

Senegal River Basin

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African River BasinsManagement Plans and ActionPrograms ShortlyafterthefoundingoftheOMVSaprogramwasannounced,centredonthecon-structionoftheManantaliDamandanotheratthemouthoftheRiveratDiamma.Theprogramincludedthreecomponents,irriga-tionschemes,navigationoftheriverandenergygenerationwiththeconstructionofahydropowerstationattheManantaliDam.In1997,theOMVSinitiatedtheEnvironmentalImpactMitigationandMonitoringProgram(PASIE)duetothenegativeenvironmentalimpactsthatappearedaftercommencementofoperationoftheDiammaandManantaliDams.PASIEconsistsofsixprograms:con-structionimpactmitigationandmonitoring,appropriationandrightofway,optimalreser-voirmanagement,environmentalsanitation,monitoring,coordinationandcommunication,

andassociatedmeasures.InOctober2003theWorldBankapprovedtheimplementationoftheSenegalRiverBasinWaterandEnvi-ronmentalManagementProjectfundedbytheGEF.

Monitoring and Information SystemsAnyprojectslikelytomodifytheriverregime,thestateofitswater,thebiologicalfeatureofitsfauna,anditsconditionsofnavigabilityandofagriculturalandindustrialexploitationhavetobeapprovedbythememberstates.Tothisend,memberstatesmustbeprovidedwithtimelyinformationaboutanyplannedprojectconcerningthedevelopmentoftheriver.

Rules on Decision-Making and Pro-cedure for Dispute ResolutionDecisionsoftheConferenceoftheHeadsofStateandGovernmentandoftheCouncilofMinistersaretakenunanimously.Theyarebindinguponallmemberstates.Ifanagree-mentcannotbereached,thedisputemustbesubmittedtotheCommissionofMediation,Conciliation,andArbitrationoftheOrganiza-tionofAfricanUnity.

Financing of OMVS and Its Coop-erative StructuresAllmemberstatescontributeequallytothebudgetoftheOMVS,eachcoveringonethirdofthebudgetoftheHighCommission.Thecostsandexpensesofinvestmentandopera-tionofthecommonworksaresharedamongthestatesinproportiontothebenefitsde-rivedbyeachstate.

Stakeholder ParticipationTherearenospecificprovisionsstipulatedintheagreement.However,withintheframe-workofthePASIEprojectthepossibilityforstakeholderparticipationhasbeencreatedwiththeEnvironmentalObservatory.TheObservatoryismadeupofanetworkofpartnerorganizationsincludinggovernmen-talandnon-governmentalorganizationsaswellassuppliersandusersofenvironmentalinformation.TheObservatoryisexpectedtobringtogetherallorganizationsthatprovideandcollectenvironmentaldata,toproduceasetofindicatorsforenvironmentalchange,toestablishacentraldatabase,tosupportthecollectionandacquisitionofnewdata,andtoperiodicallypublishenvironmentaldata.

Historical record of CooperationThefoundationforcooperationregardingtheriparianstatesoftheSenegalRiverwaslaidwhentheInter-StateCommitteeforDevelop-mentoftheSenegalRiverwasestablishedin1963.ItwasthefirstagreementgrantingtheSenegalRiveran“internationalstatus.”TheCommitteewassucceededbytheOrganizationoftheSenegalRiverRipar-ianStatesin1968.Thescopeoftheneworganizationwasbroaderthanthatofitspredecessor,aimingattheeconomicandpoliticalintegrationofthefourmemberstates.In1972,theriparianstatesoftheSenegal,withtheexemptionofGuinea,signedanewagreementestablishingtheOMVS.

ChallengesCapacitylimitationtomanagecomplexwaterrelatedissues,environmental(landandwater)degradation,civilsocietypar-ticipation,dataandinformationmanage-mentandneedtostrengthencooperationforbasinmanagementanddevelopment.

i) UNEP,AtlasofInternationalFreshwater Agreements,(2001).ii) OMVS,IntroducingtheSenegalRiverDevel- opmentOrganization,2003.iii) WorldBank,SenegalRiverBasinWaterand EnvironmentalProject,ProjectAppraisal Report,2003.iv) NEPAD,Short–TermActionPlanfor Infrastructure,MainReport,2002.

Senegal River Basin

VOLTA RIVER BASINName of Organization: VoltaBasinInitiative(VBI)Administrative Address:Telephone:E-Mail: Head of Organization: Position: Contact Person/People: Position: Address: E-Mail: Website:Year Launched:

Length of River:1,610kmTotal Population: 14million,Growth rate: 2.9%peryear.Total Rainfall: Variesfrom400mm/yearintheNorthto1800mm/yearinthecoastalzone.Total Evaporation: Variesfrom2500mm/year

intheNorthto1800mm/yearinthecoastalzone.Rain-Fed Agriculture: This,withsomeirrigatedagricultureistheprincipalmeansofdevelopmentforthepeopleofthebasin.Irrigated Agriculture: ThetotalirrigationpotentialspreadoverthesixRiparianCountriesisestimatedatabout1.5millionha.

Riparian Countries Area of Basin in Country km2 %

Benin 14,987 3.62 BurkinaFaso 173,800 42.07 Ghana 165.600 40.21 IvoryCoast 13,413 3.24 Mali 18,920 4.57 Togo 25,875 6.25

Total �12,�9� 100%

Organizational StructureAVoltaBasinTechnicalCommittee(VBTC)hasbeenproposedbyexpertsfromthesixriparianstatesbuthasnotyetbeenapprovedbytherespectiveministries.Itisdesignedasaconsultativebody.Sofar,statutesandtheorganizationalstructureoftheVBTChavebeenproposedtoconsistofoneEx-

pertCommitteewithtworepresentatives,nationalfocalpoints,andoneadditionalexpert.CoordinationhasbeenvestedinthePresident,VicePresidentandaSecretariat.

Organizational Structure forCooperationTheproposedVoltaBasinTechnicalCom-mittee(VBTC)isdesignedasaconsultativebody.Sofar,statutesandtheorganizationalstructureoftheVBTCwillcompriseoneExpertCommitteewithtworepresentatives,nationalfocalpoints,andoneadditionalexpert.CoordinationofthecommitteewasvestedinthePresidentandVicePresi-dent,andaSecretariat.ThenextstepsaretheVBTCformalendorsementbyWaterResourcesMinistersandtheActionPlanpreparationbytheCommittee.Acoordina-tionandcooperationframeworkwassup-posedtohavebeenestablishedbetweenthebasincountriessoastoguaranteesustain-ablemanagementofwaterresourcesforthebenefitofthebasinpopulationandtheGreenCrossprojectwassupposedtofacili-tatetheparticipationandawarenessofcivilsocietyinriparianstatesinthisprocess.

July1906 Frontier/Shared France;GreatBritain ExchangeofNotes Waters GoldCoast/French onSudanBoundary 2004 Volta Benin;BurkinaFaso; VBTCProposal Ghana;IvoryCoast; Mali;Togo

Volta River Basin

African River BasinsGeographical ScopeThiscomprisestheVoltariversystemmadeupoftheBlackVolta,RedVoltaandWhiteVoltaallofwhichoriginatefromBurkinaFaso.TheVoltariversystemisjoinedbyanumberoftributariesoriginatingfromGhana.

Functions/MandateThemainobjectiveoftheVBIisthepromo-tionofpublicinvolvementintheestablishmentofjointmanagementoftheVoltabasinwaterresourcesthroughtheVBTCwhichisbasical-lyaconsultativebody.VBTCisexpectedtoperformactivitiessuchasidentifyingissuesandobstaclesintheestablishmentofaVoltaBasinbody;collecting,poolingandexchang-ingallrelevantinformation;advisingnationalauthorities;anddirectingpartnersupportforthesettingupofthebasinbody.Morespe-cificobjectivesseektogiveabetterunder-standingofthebasinwaterresourcesandtrans-borderproblemsandestablishmentofamechanismenablingproperdecision-makingtotakeintoaccountaspirationsandneedsofbasincivilsocietyinthecooperationeffort.

Management Plans and Action ProgramsTheplannedprogramssofarincludetheOnchocerciasisControlProgramintheVoltaRiverBasinareainvolvingtheWorldHealthOrganization,Benin,Ghana,IvoryCoast,Mali,Niger,Togo,andUpperVolta,aregionalprogramtocombatdesertificationincludingthesustainablemanagementoftransbound-

arywaterresourcesandthealternativeenergysupplyprogram.Othersub-regionalprogramsthatwereear-markedincludetheWestAfricanProcessonIntegratedWaterResourcesManagementofECOWAS,In-terstateSub-regionalActionPlan(PASR)andtheWestAfricanTechnicalAdvisoryCommittee(WATAC)oftheGlobalWaterPartnership(GWP).TheGreenCrossWaterforPeaceprojectwasuniquelydesignedtoensurethefullandactiveinvolvementofcivilsocietyrepresentativesacrossthebasininthedevelopmentofbasinprinciples,agree-mentsandmanagementpolicies.VBIwassupposedtocoordinatemeetingsbetweenexperts,politicalleaders,internationalor-ganizationsinvolvedintheVoltabasinandrepresentativesofcivilsocietyfromacrossthebasintogatherproposalsonhowbesttomanagethecommonbasinwaterre-sourcesfortheequitablebenefitofall.

Monitoring and Infor-mation SystemsTheorganizationhadplanstocreateapermanentinformationsharingsystemforsharedwaterresourcesfortheassess-mentofavailability,needsandrisksthroughtheGreenCrossproject.TheGreenCrossProjectwassupposedtobethearchitectofnewandenhancedchannelsofcom-municationbetweenandamongcivilsocietyrepresentativesandripariangov-ernments.Itisthevoiceofthepeople.

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Rules on Decision-Making and Procedure for Dispute ResolutionThepreventionofconflicts,promotionofdialoguebetweentheactorsatthelevelofoneorseveralcountriesaretheprincipalobjectivesoftheGreenCrossproject.

Financing of organization and Its Cooperative StructuresFundingoftheorganizationreliesheavilyoninternationaldonorswithlocalfundscominginawayofsomecontributionstospecificprojectsandfundsraisedlocallythroughexroyaltiesanduser-polluterpayments.

Stakeholder ParticipationTheGreenCrossPeaceProjecten-surestheinvolvementofcivilsocietyrepresentativeinbasinactivities.

Historical Record of Co-operationAttheWestAfricanConferenceonIntegratedWaterResourcesManagement,heldinOua-gadougouinMarch1998,theMinistersforEnvironmentandWaterResourcesofWestAfricacalledfortheintegratedmanagementofwaterresources,bothatnationalandregionallevelofsharedriverbasins,tosup-portsocialandeconomicdevelopmentofthecountriesinthesub-region.Tofollow-uptherecommendationsoftheConference,theMinisterssetupaMinisterialCommitteewithaSecretariatprovidedbytheGovernmentofBurkinaFaso.AtameetingoftheMinisterialFollow-upCommitteeheldinBurkinaFasoinMarch2000,theMinistersforEnvironmentandWaterResourcesapprovedamedium-term(2000-2004)RegionalActionPlanforintegratedwaterresourcesmanagement.TheRegionalActionPlanincludedsixpro-gramsthatprovide,amongotherthings,sup-

portfordevelopingregionalcoordinationandcreatingorrevitalizingcollaborativeframe-worksbetweenRiparianCountriesforthemanagementofsharedbasins.Theministersapprovedaprojectforcreatingapermanentstructureforco-ordinationandmonitoringwithintheEconomicCommunityofWestAf-ricanStates(ECOWAS).InJuly2004,anex-pertmeetingofthesixriparianstatesmetinOuagadougou,BurkinaFaso,andresolvedtoestablishaVoltaBasinTechnicalCommittee.Theproposalawaitsministerialapproval.

References and LinksAboagye,MintaA.2004.TowardstheEstablishmentoftheVoltaBasinOrganization(VBA),www.riob.org/transfrontalier/Dakar-2004/comms/Volta_Basin_Initiative.pdf.vanEdig,Annette,NickvandeGiesen,MarkAndreini,andWolframLaube.2001.InstitutionalandlegalaspectsoftheWaterResourcesCommissioninGhana,inWasserkonflikteinderDrittenWelt,Vol.18,2001.UNECA,UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforAfrica.2000.Trans-BoundaryRiver/LakeBasinWaterDevelopmentinAfrica:Prospects,Problems,andAchievements,December,ECA/RCID/052/00,AddisAbaba,Ethiopia.

Volta River Basin

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ZAMBEZI RIVER BASINName of Organization: ZambeziWatercourseCommission(ZAMCOM)Administrative Address:Secretariat,P.O.Box30233Lusaka,ZambiaTelephone:(260)22084001/227970/3 E-Mail:Head of Organization:TumbareMikePosition: ExecutiveSecretaryYear Launched:2004Basic DataTotal Area:1,570,000km2

Length of River:2,650kmTotal Population:Over100millionwith38millioninhabitantslivingdirectlyinthebasinandagrowthrateof3%.Total Rainfall:Annualrainfallinthebasinvariesfrom1,800mm/yearinthenorthto550mm/yearorlessinthesouthofthebasin.Rain-Fed Agriculture:Irrigated Agriculture:Withatotalirrigationpotentialofabout3.2millionhaonlyabout1.2millionhaarecurrentlyunderirrigation.

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Other: Thereexistssignificanthydropowerpotentialwithaninstalledcapacityof4,620MWandabout40moresiteswithatotalcapacityof13,000MWidentified.

Riparian Countries

Angola 252,600 18 Botswana 21,900 2 Malawi 112,100 8 Mozambique 168,000 12 Namibia1 21.000 2 Tanzania 28,000 2 Zambia 574,000 41 Zimbabwe 224,000 16

Total 1,�00,000 100%

Organizational StructureZAMCOMconsistsofthecouncilofministers,aTechnicalCommitteeandaSecretariat.

Organizational Structure for cooperationTheZambesiWatercourseCommission,ZAMCOM,consistsoftheCouncilofMinisters,theTechnicalCommittee,andtheSecretariat.TheCounciliscomposedofonedelegatefromeachmemberstate.AChairpersonandVice-Chairpersonareelectedonthebasisofrotation.TheTechnicalCommitteeismadeupofthreerepresentativesfromeachmemberstateandareprimarilyresponsibleforimplementingtheCouncil’sdecisionsanddevelopingtheRiverBasinManagementStrategy.TheSecretariatisheadedbyanExecutiveSecretaryandisresponsibleforthetechnicalandadministrativesupportoftheCouncil.

Zambezi River Basin

Jun11,1891 Busi,Limpopo,Pungwe, GreatBritain; SpheresofInfluence Treaty Sabi,Shire,Zambezi Portugal Jan21,1953 Zambezi GreatBritain;Portugal ShireValleyParticipation Treaty Nov18,1954 Kwando GreatBritain;Portugal KwandoRiverAgreement Nov25,1963 Kariba,Zambezi NorthernRhodesia; PowerCorpAgreement SouthernRhodesia Apr1,1967 Zambezi Portugal;SouthAfrica HydropowerAgreement May2,1984 Zambezi Mozambique;Portugal; CahoraBassaProject SouthAfrica Agreement May28,1987 Zambezi Botswana;Mozambique; ActionPlan Tanzania;Zambia; Zimbabwe July28,1987 Zambezi Zambia;Zimbabwe ZambeziRiverUtilization Agreement July13,2004 Zambezi Angola;Botswana; ZAMCOMAgreement Malawi;Mozambique; Agreement Namibia;Tanzania; Zambia;Zimbabwe

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African River BasinsGeographical ScopeTheZambeziwatercoursesystemreferstobothsurfaceandgroundwaterresourcesoftheZambeziriver.ItisthelargestsharedwatercoursesysteminSouthernAfrica.

Functions/MandateTheobjectiveoftheCommissionistopro-motetheequitableandreasonableutiliza-tionofthewaterresourcesoftheZambeziwatercourse,andtheirefficientmanagementandsustainabledevelopment.TheZAMCOMadvisesthememberstatesontheplanning,management,utilization,development,pro-tection,andconservationoftheZambezi.TheCommissionalsoadvisesonmeasuresnecessarytoavoiddisputesbetweenthememberstatesandassistsintheresolutionofconflicts.ZAMCOMcollects,evaluates,anddisseminatesinformationanddatarele-vanttotheimplementationoftheagreementsandfostersgreaterawarenessfortheef-ficientandsustainablemanagementandde-velopmentoftheZambeziamongthepopula-tion.Furthermore,ZAMCOMaimsatpromot-ing,supporting,coordinatingandharmonizingthemanagementanddevelopmentofthewa-terresourcesandthenationalwaterpolicies.

Management Plans and Action ProgramsZAMCOMiscurrentlyworkingonthede-velopmentofanIntegratedWaterManage-mentPlanfortheZambeziRiverSystem,aprojectalreadyinitiatedinthe1990saspartoftheActionPlanfortheEnvironmen-tallySoundManagementoftheCommonZambeziRiverSystem(ZACPLAN).ZAM-COMtookovertheresponsibilityfromthebi-nationalZambeziRiverAuthority(ZRA).

Monitoring and Information SystemsAllmemberstatesareobligedtoinformZAMCOMofanyprogram,projectoractiv-itywithregardtotheZambeziwatercourse.Ifoneoftheothermemberstatesopposesplannedmeasuresoractivities,theyarerequiredtostartconsultationsandnegotia-tionsandreachasolution.Theprojectistobepostponedduringthesenegotiations.Furthermore,theCommissioncanconductafact-findingstudytosupportthenegotiationprocess.

Rules on Decision-Making and Pro-cedure for Dispute ResolutionDecisionsaretakenunanimously,withtwothirdsofthememberstatesformingaquorum.Incaseofadisputethemem-berstatesarerequiredtoenterintocon-sultationsandnegotiations.TheCouncilofMinistersmaygiverecommendations.Ifadisputecannotbesettled,itcanbereferredtotheSADCTribunal.DisputesbetweenamemberstateandZAMCOMcanalsobebroughtbeforetheTribunal.

Financing of ZAMCOM and Its Cooperative StructuresAllmemberstatescontributeequallytothebudgetoftheCommission.FurtherdetailsaretobeelaboratedbytheCouncil.

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Stakeholder participation Allmemberstatesshallensurethatallstake-holderswhoarelikelytobeaffectedbyaprogramorprojectareinformedoftheactiv-ityandareprovidedwiththeopportunitytomakecomments.Furthermore,stakeholdersinvolvementthroughaprojectsteeringcom-mitteeandnationalsteeringcommitteeswasplanned.

Historical Record of Co-operationPlanstoestablishariverbasinorganizationhaveexistedsincethe1980s,butnoseriousprogresswasmadetowardsinstitutionaliza-tionofabasin-widecooperation.In1987,thegovernmentsoftheRiparianCountriesadoptedtheActionPlanfortheEnvironmen-tallySoundManagementoftheCommonZambezi River System(ZACPLAN).Angola,Namibia,andMalawijoinedtheseeffortsin1990.ZACPLANconsistsof19proj-ects,theso-calledZambeziActionProjects(ZACPRO).In2002theSADCSecretariatheadedseveralroundsofnegotiationsuntilfinallyinJuly2004theAgreementestablish-ingtheZambeziWatercourseCommission(ZAMCOM)wassigned.

ChallengesVerylargeunderdevelopedbasin,rampantpoverty,hydropower/irrigationpotentialpartiallytapped,environmentalimpactassessmentrequired,Zambia(41%ofbasinarea)notamemberofZAMCOM,lowstakeholderinvolvementandlimitedfinancialresources,lackofbasin-wideorganizationforwaterresourcesmanagement,inadequatepoliticaldialogueonIWRM,lackofcommonvision,inadequatefundingandlackofcooperationmechanism.

References and LinksNakayama,M.1997.SuccessesandFailuresofInternationalOrganizationsinDealingwithInternationalWaters.WaterResourcesDevelopment13(3):367-382.Wirkus,L.andBöge,V.2005.AfrikasinternationaleFlüsseundSeen.StandundErfahrungenimgrenzüberschreitendenWassermanagementinAfrikaanausgewähltenBeispielen.GutachtenimRahmendesForschungsprojektes„GrenzüberschreitendesWassermanagementinAfrika“desBundesministeriumsfürwirtschaftlicheZusammenarbeitundEntwicklung.ErsterEntwurf,Januar,Bonn.ShelaO.N.2000.Managementofsharedriverbasins:thecaseoftheZambeziRiver.WaterPolicy2(2000):65-81.Rangley,Robert,BocarM.Thiam,RandolphA.Andersen,andColinA.Lyle.1994.InternationalRiverBasinOrganizationsinSub-SaharanAfrica.WorldBankTechnicalPaperNo.250,AfricaTechnicalDepartmentSeries,WorldBank,Washington,D.C.

Zambezi River Basin

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Trans-Boundary Aquifers

African River Basins�.0 Problems Encounteredin the Compilation of the Draft Sourcebook

Someoftheproblemsencounteredduringdatacollectionforthesourcebookincluded:• Dataonmanysmallriverbasinswasnonexistentleadingtoblankfactsheets• Reluctanceofmanyriverbasinorganizationstorespondtotherequestfordatapresumablybecausetheythoughtthedatawouldonlybenefittheconsultant.• Riverbasinsthatrespondedtotherequestdidsonotrespondwithspecificdatabutsubmittingeverythingaboutthebasinfortheconsultanttosortoutandanalyzewhichwasverytimeconsuming.• Limitede-mailcommunicationcapacityespeciallyifitinvolveslargedatafiles.• English-orientedkeyboardsthatdonotfacilitatecorrectexpressionsontheFrenchkeyboardsforcommunicationwithFrenchRiverBasinorganizations.

�.0 References:ThefollowingsourceshavebeenveryusefulinthecompilationofDataforthisSourcebook-Volume1andworthyspecialmention.

1) UNECA(2000).TransboundaryRiver/LakeBasinWaterDevelopmentinAfrica.Prospects,ProblemsandAchievements

2) UNESCO,Paris(2005).TransboundaryAquifersinAfrica.

3) NEPAD(2005).NEPADShort-TermActionPlan(STAP)forTransboundaryWaterResources.FrameworkforImplementation.

4) EAC(2006).LakeVictoriaBasinCommission(LVBC).“Information/dataforasourcebook.”

5) GTZ(2006).River/BasinOrganizationdatasheet.

6) SADC,WaterDivision(2006).StrengtheningRiverBasinOrganizationsinSADCRegion.ConceptNote.

AWRB Source Book-2

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