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Animal Organ Systems. Anatomy and Physiology. Fundamentals of Life. All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the most basic structure of life. Cells need oxygen , food /energy, and water to survive. Natural Hierarchy. Cells are the most basic and simple. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Animal Organ Systems
Anatomy and Physiology
Fundamentals of Life
All living things are made up of cells.Cells are the most basic structure of life.Cells need oxygen, food/energy, and
water to survive.
Natural Hierarchy
Cells are the most basic and simple. Cells that are all alike work together to form
tissues which perform tasks. Tissues that are alike work together to form
organs which complete jobs. Organs work together in organ systems to
carry out processes. Organ systems work together to support the
life of an organism.
How do we study animals?
We look at the outside of them – the outer physical structures.
We look inside of dead animals – the internal physical structures.
We look at the tissues under a microscope – microscopic structures.
We study the chemical reactions between cells, tissues, and organs.
Anatomy
The study of the form, shape, and appearance of an animal – its structures both internal and external.Gross anatomy is the study of the
structures – internal and external – that we can see with the naked eye.
Microscopic anatomy is the structures that can only be seen under magnification
Physiology
The study of the functions of the cells, tissues, and organs of the animal.
BiochemistryHow cells, tissues and organs work
together to complete a task…digestion.
Why study anatomy and physiology?
Efficient production of livestock requires understanding the anatomy and physiology related to Production. Production is muscle gain, milk or egg production,
and hair or wool production.Raising animals requires an
understanding of the requires needed for animal wellbeing. Animal wellbeing is caring for animals so that their
basic needs are met and they do not suffer.
Mammals vs Non-mammals
Most of our livestock are mammals. i.e. – vertebrate that has hair, gives birth to
live young, produces milk, & maintains constant body temperature.
Cattle, horses, pigs, goats & sheep, etc.Exceptions are poultry & aquacrops.
Poultry – birds – ducks, chickens, turkeys, etc.Aquacrops – fish, shrimp, etc.
Organ Systems
SkeletalMuscularNervousCirculatoryRespiratory
ExcretoryDigestiveEndocrineIntegumentaryReproductive
Skeletal Bones
50% water, 26% minerals (Ca & P), 20% protein, 4% fat
Core is soft and spongy – called marrow Marrow makes new red blood cells for body.
Cartilage Soft, tough tissue found between bones
that cushions joints Ligaments
Long stretchy tissue that holds joints together
Skeletal
Gives structure and support
Protects internal organs
Makes locomotion/movement possible
Skeletal - Joints
Skeletal - SkullSkull is made up of several fused bones
Skeletal - Spine
The spine is made up of many vertebrae and cartilage disks
5 types of vertebraeCervical – neckThoracic – bodyLumbar – lower backSacral – around hipCoccygeal - tail
Muscular Muscles
Fibrous cells that are design to contract and relax in pairs
Voluntary – under the organisms conscious control – triceps
Involuntary – automatically move to regulate body functions – heart and diaphragm
Tendons Long, thin, stretchy tissues that attach muscles to
bones. Muscles pull against bone when they contract which
causes movement.
Muscular
Primary function is movement.External & internal
Also protect delicate organsMuscles make up about half our
livestock animals’ weight.Composed mostly of protein.
Muscular
Three types of musclesSkeletal – meat – bicep – voluntaryCardiac – heart – involuntarySmooth – digestive system - involuntary
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
A=Rhomboideus capitisB=SpleniusC=Levator scapulae ventralisD=SupraspinatusE=InfraspinatusF=Teres majorG=Serratus dorsalisH=Longissimus dorsiI=Multifidae spinaeJ=ClavotrapeziusK=ClavobrachialisL=AcromiodeltoidM=SpinodeltoidN=AcromiotrapeziusO=SpinotrapeziusP=Spinalis dorsalisQ=Latissimus dorsiR=Rhomboideus
NervousUses electrical impulses to send
messages from brain throughout body.Controls activity, learning, memoryCentral Nervous System and Peripheral
Nervous System
NervousBrain
Soft tissues that coordinates all aspects of animal function
Spinal CordMain “highway” for
nerve impulses to travel from brain to rest of body
NervesBranch out and reach
rest of bodySensory organs
Vision Olfactory Touch Taste Auditory
Nervous - Brain
BainCerebrum – controls voluntary movement
and thoughtKicking, biting, vocals, licking, etc
Cerebellum – coordination of animal’s movement
WalkingBrain Stem – most of the functions to
maintain lifeBody temp, breathing, digestion, heart beat
CerebellumBrain Stem
Cerebrum
Nervous – Cranial NervesNumber Nerve Sensory Funct Motor Function
1 Olfactory Smell
2 Optic Vision
3 Oculomotor Position of eye Move eye, constrict pupil, focus
4 Trochlear Position of eye Move eye
5 Trigeminal Sense in face & teeth Chewing
6 Abducens Position of eye Move eye
7 Facial Taste buds Blinking, facial expression
8 Auditory Hearing & balance
9 Glossopharyngeal Taste buds Swallowing
10 Vagus Sensory of internal organs
11 Spinal accessory Muscles of shoulder Move neck and shoulders
12 Hypoglossal Muscles of tongue Move tongue
Nervous – Cranial Nerves
Nervous - Sight
Nervous – Touch
CirculatoryHeart
Technically a musclePumps blood with 4 chambers and 2 valves
ArteriesCarry oxygen rich blood from lungs and heart
to tissuesVeins
Carry blood back from tissues to lungs and heart.
Circulatory – Heart - exterior
Circulatory – Heart - interior
Circulation – the flow of blood
Circulatory – Arteries and Veins
Vena CarvaAorta
Circulatory
PlasmaLiquid part of blood –
55% of volume red blood cells
ErythrocytesCarries O2 and
carbohydrates (glucose)
PlateletsThrombocytesMakes blood clot
Bloodwhite blood cells
• Neutrophil• Monocyte• Lymphocyte• Eosinophil• BasophilFights pathogens
Circulatory - Blood
Circulatory – Stained blood smears
ErythrocytesBasophil
Nuetrophil
Lymphocyte
ThrombocyteMonocyte
Eosinophil
Circulatory
Also includes the Lymph GlandsSecrete disease fighting materials
Moves materials throughout the body
Respiratory Nasal and Sinus Passages
External opening of the body and passageways Pharynx & Larynx
Pharynx connects the esophagus and trachea Larynx is the “voice box”
Trachea Wind pipe that connects nasal passages with
bronchi
Respiratory
Bronchus Tube that branch off of the trachea and carry air to
lungs Bronchioles
Smaller tubes that branch off of bronchi Alveoli
Small sacks where gas exchange occurs Lungs
“bags” that expand and contract to bring in fresh air and expel old air
Respiratory Function is to bring oxygen
into the body and expel carbon dioxide.
Exchange of gasses happens inside the lungs in the alveoli.
Lungs expand and contract due to the movement of the diaphragm.
ExcretoryAlso referred to as the Renal System.Kidneys
Remove waste materials from bloodNephrons filter out wastes (urine)
Found in the Medulla and Cortex of kidneyBladder
Holds urineUreters
Connect bladder to urethraUrethra
Empties urine to the exterior of the animal
Digestive
Large and varied systemBreaks down food into usable energyRemoves unusable food from body
Digestion
Monogastric – 1 stomach – can’t digest cellulose (fiber) – pigs and humans
Ruminant – 4 stomachs – polygastric – digest cellulose, produce own B vitamins and proteins – cows and sheep
Pseudo-ruminant - have 1 stomach, but have enlarged cecum that digests cellulose – horses and rabbits
Digestion - Monogastric Moutn
Prehension – gathering food – teeth, lips, tongue
Mastication – Chewing – break food into smaller pieces for swallowing – teeth and saliva
Digestion - Teeth
Digestion - Monogastric Esophagus – transport tube to stomach –
muscular contractions move food down
Digestion - Monogastric Stomach
conditions – pH of 2, churning and contracting to mix and grind food
ingredients – food, HCl, enzymes
Digestion - Monogastric Small intestine
major site of nutrient absorption Functions – villi absorb nutrients that have
been broken down – minerals, vitamins,amino acids, Fatty acids,simple sugars
Glands – gallbladder secretes bile used for lipid breakdown; Pancreas secretes enzymes for protein and carbohydrate breakdown
Digestion - Monogastric
Large intestine – colon accumulates wastes absorbs water
Rectum and Anus
Digestion - Monogastric
Esophagus
Small intestine
Cecum
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
Digestion - Ruminant
Mouth Prehension – cow tongue is very
long Mastication – graze rapidly, and don’t
chew much 1st time Esophagus – liquids to the reticulum
and solids to the rumen Rumen – very large compartment
Digestion - Ruminant
Regurgitation – when rumen full, force contents back up to re-chew
Rumination re-mastication of cud or bolus Bolus – ball of grass Adds saliva to food
Esophagus – re-swallow food Reticulum – honeycomb
Digestion - Ruminant Rumen
fermentation vat 30 gal or more contains microbes that break down the
cellulose pH of 6.5 – 7 for microbes releases methane – belch creates B vitamins and proteins from
amino acids also contains papalli that absorb nutrients
released by microbes
Digestion - Ruminant
Omasum – filter for large particles – grinds them down
Abomasum – like the monogastric stomach – acidic
Small intestine – same as monogastric Large intestine – same as monogastric Rectum and anus
Rum
enR
etic
ulum
Om
asumA
bomasum
Digestion - Ruminant
Reticulum
Rumen
Omasum
Abomasum
Small intestine
Large intestine
Cecum
Anus
Rectum
Digestion – Pseudo-Ruminant
MouthprehensionMastication
EsophagusStomach
same as monogastric too small in horses and inactive – doesn’t
break down cellulose require frequent smaller meals
Digestion – Pseudo-Ruminant
Small intestine – absorption of nutrients – same as monogastric**Still has not digested the cellulose – large
amountCecum
enlarged area between small and large intestine
contains microbes that break down cellulose like rumen
Digestion – Pseudo-Ruminant
Large colon – absorbs nutrients released by cecum
Small colon – absorbs water and collects waste
Rectum and Anus
Digestion – Pseudo-Ruminant
Esophagus
Small intesine
Cecum
Large colon
Small colon
Rectum
Anus
Endocrine
Ductless glands in the bodyhypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas, liver,
thyroid, adrenalSecrete hormones that chemically
regulate certain functions of the bodyPlay a large role in reproduction,
digestion, growth, etc.
Integumentary
Skin, hair, hooves, horns, etcKeeps out pathogens, regulates body
temp, gives shape and color, protects internal organs
System made almost entirely out of proteinAnimal skin is called the hide
Most animal hides made into leather
Reproductive System
Most complex system in animalsAllows for reproduction of animals and
the continuation of the speciesDifferent structures between male and
femaleMost animals fundamentally have the
same system, just varies in structure between species.
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