ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Definitions: Human anatomy deals with the structure of the human body at...

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Definitions:

Human anatomy deals with the structure of the

human body at the gross, cellular, and subcellular levels.

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Definitions:

Physiology is the study of the functions of healthy

living organisms and the changes which occur during

activity.

-It continues beyond the study of anatomy into:

• Why???

• What they do???

• How parts work???

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Body systems comprise of many organs which are

interdependent & function as a team to keep the body

healthy and functional.

Example: the respiratory system needs the circulatory

system to distribute the blood & O2.

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Body Systems

There are 10 body systems

• Skeletal

• Muscular

• Nervous

• Cardiovascular

• Respiratory

• Digestive

• Endocrine

• Urinary + Reproductive

• Immune system

• Integumentary (Skin)

Locomotor System:

The locomotor system or muscloskeletal system

copmrises the skeletal elements, copmpsed principally

of bone and cartillage, the joints between them, and

the muscles which move the joints

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Bone:

- The greatest popular misconception about bone is that it is static and unchanging. This is NOT so.

- It has blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. It grows, remodel, breaks, and is subject to diseases.

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Bone:

- Human body comprises of 206 bones.

Classification of bone

i- Axial skeleton (80 bones)

ii- Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)

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I-Axial skeleton consists of 80 bones

• Skull

• Vertebral column

• Ribs (Thoracic cage)

• Sternum

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II-Appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones

• Upper extremities & shoulder girdle

• Lower extremities & pelvic girdle

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Functions of bone

1. It forms a supporting framework for the body and provides the levers to which the muscles are attached.

2. It protects internal organs.

3. It acts a Calcium and Phosphorous store.

4. Many bones are hollow and contain marrow cavities

- formation of blood cells (red marrow), fatty tissues (yellow marrow).

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Types of bones:

1. Compact bone or Cortical bone

2. Cancellous bone or Spongy bone

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Types of bones:

1. Compact bone or Cortical bone which is strong,

hard, heavy, and forms the continuous outer layer or

Cortex of all bones

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Types of bones:

2. Cancellous bone or Spongy bone which consists of

a network of spicules or trabeculae; it is lighter and

less strong than the compact bone and is found in

the ends of long bones and in the irregular bones

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Cartilage is much softer than bone, because it has less minerals, BUT more elastic than bone.

• Cartilage is found on the ends of the bones, where they join together. Also found in ears & nose.

• It allows the bones to move easily over each other.

• non-vascular.

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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Joints

Wherever two bones meet each other, a joint is formed.

Types:

1. Fibrous.

2. Cartilaginous

3. Synovial

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Types of joints:

1. Fibrous as in the skull, immovable. The joints are

called sutures.e.g, skull suture.

2. Cartilaginous joints as in-between vertebrae,

allows slight movement.

3. Synovial joints are found where two bones need to

move freely.

- there are 6 types of synovial joints.

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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Skull Suture- Fibrous Joint

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Vertebrae

Cartilaginous Joint

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Types of synovial joints:

1. Ball & socket joint: The globular head of one bone articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another. This joint allows for the most freedom in movement than any other joint. It permits movement in all planes and rotational movement around a central axis. Examples: Hip, Shoulder

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

2. Hinge joints: The

convex surface of one

bone fits into the

concave surface of

another. It permits

movement in one plane

only. Examples:

Elbow, Phalanges

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

3. Gliding joints: The

articulating surfaces are

flat or nearly curved.

This joint allows sliding

or back-and-forth motion

and twisting movements,

however, it does not

allow great distance in

movement. Examples:

Wrist, Ankle, Vertebra

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

4. Pivotal joints: The

cylindrical surface of

one bone rotates

within a ring of bone

and fibrous tissue of a

ligament. This joint

permits rotational

movement only.

Examples: Radius to

Ulna, Atlas to Axis

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

5- Saddle joints In this joint, both bones have articulating concave and convex regions. One bone fits the complementary surface of the other. This permits a variety of movements, particularly intwo planes. Examples: Carpal and Metacarpal of the Thumb

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

6- Ellipsoidal joints or Condyloid joints The ovoid condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another. This joint allows a variety of movements in different planes, but not rotational movement. Examples: Metacarpals to Phalanges, Mandible to Temporal bone