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Mr D S Bhangari ,Electronics& Telecommunication PCE Nagpur,India
Dr A C Bhagali, ATS Miraj India
Dr R V Kshirsagar Jabalpur Engineering College India
bhangarids@sbgimiraj.org
Abstract—Electromagnetic radiation is one of the important aspect while studying the human biological characteristic and their
variation. Here we have experimentally analyzed the effect of microwave radiation exposure to human body cells in different time
bands.
The effect of Microwave radiation causes rise in temperature of tissue in the range of 0.14°C to 1.4 °C. This temperature effect is
analyzed using heat transfer equation. For heat transfer equation code is develop, simulation is carried out for different frequency and
radiation power. The simulation determines that temperature of tissue is proportional to frequency. The frequency has been changed
from 0.8GHz to 10GHz. It is observed that the temperature variation is 0.14°C to 1.4 °C for radiation power 10mW and 0.24 °C to 3
°C for radiation power 100mW. With the help of time response analysis it can be determine how much time is require to reach
normal temperature to the tissue after removing the exposure .Code is developed for time response, simulation is carried out for
frequency 0.8GHz to 10GHz, time response is 5.5 Sec to 7.5 Sec.
The microwave radiation to human cell can increase the temperature of cell is by high frequency heating. This rise in temperature
can effect on brain waves. Brain continuously generate wave, brain waves are alpha, beta, gamma, delta and theta. These waves are
modulated with microwaves. The brain beta waves are measured by EEG machine. The EEG waves are measured before exposing to
the microwave radiation and after exposing to the microwave radiation. The brain beta wave frequency experimental analysis gives
rise in frequency by 13.58 Hz as exposed to microwave radiation. This analysis is made for different age peoples, from that it is
observed that Microwave radiation is more effective to the children. Children brain beta wave frequency increased by 18.106 Hz.
Heat energy is proportional to frequency, by reducing brain beta frequency we can reduce the heat in tissue. The brain wave
frequency variation can be reduced by two ways 1. Keeping the mobile phone at a particular distance 2.The use of anti radiation strip.
In this paper experimental analysis is made for distance band for the position of mobile phone. The distance band is 1.8 inch to 2.2
inch. It is emphasized that if we use mobile phone in particular distance band, beta wave frequency variation is reduced by 54.48%.
For children beta wave frequency variation reduced by 46.37% in distance band of 1.8 inch to 2.2 inch. Microwave radiation effect
experimentally reduced by anti radiation strip which are of three types 1. DTL strip, 2.Neutralizer strip, 3. KINDRED enterprise
LLC.With DTL strip beta wave frequency variation reduced by 9.5 %, with Neutralizer strip (strip B) it is reduced by 25.10% and
with KINDRED enterprise LLC (strip A- USA) it is reduced by 38.8%. Combination of Neutralizer strip (strip B) and KINDRED
enterprise LLC (strip A- USA) it is reduced by 44.29% and with combination of all three strips it is reduced to 50.27%. Children are
more sensitive to microwave radiation as compared to other ages. They should use mobile phone for less period as compared to others.
Thus analysis of microwave frequency with various bands on human tissues is experimental evaluated, experimental result shows
that tissue will be affected by microwave hazard which may lead to deterioration of human cells. This deterioration of human cell can
be minimized using various anti radiation strips. DTL strip, Neutralizer strip and KINDRED enterprise LLC strip combination seems
to provide the minimum deterioration of human cell .Further we claim implication of microwave hazards effects is sever on human
tissues.
Index Terms: Viberimage, Elecrtomagnetic Spectrum, EEG.
I. INTRODUCTION
The worldwide advanced technology development has been dramatically increasing. This generates a great interest by people
to follow the evolution of technology. The new technology developed using microwave technology. The microwave technology
is used in many areas of science and technology such as television, radar, mobile phones through mobile towers. The Mobile
communication dramatically acquiesce the whole world. It is one of the important electronics appliances that are mainly used by
Analysis and Optimization of Microwave
Wireless Transmission Hazards on Human
tissues and its ramification
Mr. D. S. Bhangari, Dr. A. C. Bhagali, Dr. R. V. Kshirsagar
Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research
Volume XI, Issue XI, November/2019
ISSN NO: 0022-1945
Page No:134
everyone for audio and video communication. The reason for the increasing demand of mobile phone is due to its connectivity
to any user in the world from any place. Continuous use of cell phone are harmful to human cells[1][2]. The microwave
radiation ix extremely harmful causing generic damage, tumors, memory loss, increased blood pressure & weakening of
immune system[3][4]. Analysis is done by using EEG signal which is considered as linear signal. The signal generated by EEG
is random signal[5][6]. EEG signal consists noise and artifacts, by removing that analysis is made. The brain waves are analyzed
using EEG machine. Microwave radiation can be made by modulation of radio frequency (RF) and electromagnetic field (EMF).
It is non-ionizing radiation. Effect of microwave radiation depends on frequency and signal strength[7][8][9]. It can induce
electric field and circulating current to flow through the body. Brain continuously generates waves, these waves are modulated
with microwave radiation[10][11][12]. Here we have analyzed the variation in frequency after exposure to microwave radiation.
If we use mobile in particular distance band the effect in frequency variation is reduced[13][14][15]. Here frequency can vary
from 0.8 GHz to 10 GHz. When we keep mobile phone in distance band of 1.8 inch to 2.2 inch then frequency variation
reduces[16][17].Children are more sensitive to microwave radiation as compared to other ages. They should use mobile phone
for less period as compared to others. If we use anti-radiation strip with mobile phone, the variation in frequency of brain wave
reduces.
A. Brain wave Frequency
The biological characteristics of brain wave changes because of additional electromagnetic emission. The electromagnetic
radiation is of rising importance in the study biological characteristic variations. The signal amplitude of EEG single is very
small in the range of microvolt [3][15].
Figure 1 shows various frequency sub-bands, of EEG signals. It includes Delta frequency band having frequency of 3 Hz or
below, Theta frequency band having frequency of 3.5 to 7.5 Hz, Alpha frequency band having frequency between 7.5 and 13 Hz
and Beta frequency band having frequencies higher than 13 Hz [7].
Fig 1 Brain Wave Ranges [5]
II. RELATED SURVEY
In many papers, it is clearly reported that there is a positive effect on biological tissues because of radiation. In [14] has done
the survey of all the reported systems with respect to effect of mobile phone radiation on human body. They investigated the
effect of mobile phone radiation on cancer.
In [15] has done research on various features of EEG to be analyzed for testing the effect of mobile phone radiation on human
brain. They concluded that analysis that combination of time frequency features will give greater significance in improved
performance. In [16] the authors had analyzed the opportunities and challenges in effect of mobile EEG different
Neurodevelopment Disorders.
In [16], authors highlighted that Mobile phones (MP) emit low-level electromagnetic fields which affects neural
function in humans. They reported that it has an effect of MP exposure on EEG alpha power. In [13], authors concluded that the
people who spend more than 50 minutes a day using a cell phone could have early dementia or other thermal damage due to the
burning of glucose in the brain.
In summary, it is seen that there is effect of mobile phone radiation on human brain. The EEG is useful tool to detect the brain
waves. There is increase in frequency of brain wave, heat power proportional to frequency. There is a heating effect due to
mobile phone radiation. The heating effect may change the nature of EEG waves.
Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research
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III. ANALYTICAL TREATMENT
When tissue is in electromagnetic field, as per high frequency heating, heat generates in the tissue, because of blood
circulation tissue heat transfer to blood and heat from blood transferred to atmosphere.
The one-dimensional heat transfer equation in tissue is given by
ρc𝜕T′
𝜕𝑡= k
d2T′
dx2− Vs T′ − To + Q x, t
Where
ρ = the density of tissue in gm/cm3
c = the specific heat of tissue plus blood in cal/gm0C
k = the coefficient of tissue heat conduction in cal/cm/s0C
Vs =the product of flow and heat capacity of blood in cal/cm3/s0C
Q(x,t)= the heat input due to the microwave field in cal/cm3/s
T‟(x,t)= the tissue temperature in 0C
T0= the temperature of the arterial blood entering the tissue.
xmax = 1
λ−1/L . { Ln L λ + Ln 1 +
λ−1/L2
q0 T0 − Te } (1)
Where,
X - distance from tissue surface to temp reached to normal
λ-wave length
L-microwave penetration depth in cm
q0= I0τ/JLK
I0-wave intensity w/cm2
τ-traction of energy transmitted into the tissue
J-mechanical equivalent of heat
K-coefficient of tissue heat conduction
T0-temputure of arterial blood entering the tissue
Te- tissue surface temperature
The microwave radiation to human cell can increase the temperature of cell is by high frequency heating.
Here, power is calculated using high frequency heating equation.
𝑃 = 2𝜋fε0εrE2 (2)
E=Magnitude of Brain wave
f=frequency in Hz
Figure 2 & 3 shows the graph of Temperature „T‟ verses Distance „X‟ is plotted with various frequencies. The frequencies are
specifically selected which are mobile carrier frequency like 900MHz, 1.8 GHz, 8GHz and 10 GHz. The microwave penetration
depth in cm „L‟ is kept fixed at 0.1 cm in figure 2.
Table 1. Steady state analysis with different frequencies
Penetration Length L = 0.1cm, Wave intensity I0 =100mW
Sr. no Frequency in GHz
(f)
Rise in tissue
Temperature in
degree Celsius (Ts)
1 CDMA- 0.8 0.24
2 2G- 0.9 0.27
3 2G- 1.8 0.54
4 3G- 2.56 0.75
5 4G- 8 2.4
6 10 3
Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research
Volume XI, Issue XI, November/2019
ISSN NO: 0022-1945
Page No:136
Table 2. Steady state analysis with different frequencies
Penetration Length L = 0.1cm, Wave intensity I0 =10mW
Sr. no Frequency in GHz
(f)
Rise in tissue
Temperature in
degree Celsius
(Ts)
1 CDMA- 0.8 0.14
2 2G- 0.9 0.158
3 2G- 1.8 0.31
4 3G- 2.56 0.44
5 4G- 8 1.4
Table 1 and 2 gives steady state analysis with different frequencies and different wave intensities. Table 1 wave
intensity is 100mW whereas Table 2 wave intensity is 10mW. As frequency increase, rise in temperature increases and also rise
in temperature depends on wave intensity.
Fig.2Results of Steady state analysis with various mobile carrier frequencies
From figure 2 it is observed that, when frequency is more and more, the temperature is more. One can prefer use of 900MHz
band to minimize it. But in the today scenario of increasing data speed competition, the mobile evolution is taking place from
2G to 3G to 4G and 5G. So, minimizing the frequency is not feasible solution.
Fig.3results with various L and f=10GHz
Figure 3 shows, the effect of variation in „L‟ for 10 GHz frequency. The graph of Temperature „T‟ verses Distance „X‟ is
plotted with f= 10 GHz. From figure 3, it is observed that when „L‟ is greater, then „X‟ is lower. The task is to find the optimal
value of distance „L‟.
IV. TRANSIENT ANALYSIS
Fourier Transform can be used for obtaining the solution of transient analysis.
d2Tω
dω2 − k2Tω + q0 x Tω iω = 0 (3)
After applying Fourier transform to heat transfer equation we get equation (3).
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Volume XI, Issue XI, November/2019
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Table 3. Transient analysis with different frequencies
Penetration Length L = 0.1cm, Wave intensity I0 =100mW
Sr. no Frequency in GHz
(f)
Rise in tissue
Temperature in
degree Celsius
(Ts)
1 CDMA- 0.8 5
2 2G- 0.9 6
3 2G- 1.8 6.5
4 3G- 2.5 7
5 4G- 8 7
6 10 7.5
Table 3 gives time response analysis for different frequencies. It indicates as radiation frequency increase, the transient period
increases that is more time is required to reach normal temperature to the tissue.
Fig. 4.Transient study with different frequencies.
The Transient analysis made for different frequencies, it is observed that transient time is proportional to the frequency.
Table. 4. Significance of EEG Waves
Physiological State Frequency
Band
Brain Waves,
Hz
Sleep/Exhausted Delta Below 3
Drowsy/Tired Theta 3.5 to 7.5
Relaxed Alpha 7.5 – 13
Excited/Working Beta >13
Table 4 shows the Physiological State and frequency range associated with it.
V. RESULTS
The fifty persons EEG waveform is measured before use of cell phone and while talking on cell phone. Among these six
persons are shown here. The experiment is carried out for the distance band of 1.8 inch to 2.2 inch between cell phone and ear
and the brain wave frequency is measured. Herethe experimentation with different separate anti-radiation strips and combination
of anti-radiation trips is also conducted to analyse the frequency variation in brain waves.
Table. 5 Mean Value Frequencies with and without mobile for different age groups.
Person
no. Age.
Brain wave
frequency
without mob in
Hz
Brain wave
frequency
With mobile
in Hz
Delta Mean
value of
frequency in
Hz
1 10 101.82 118.4 16.58
2 12 100.8 112.7 11.9
3 26 99.8 114.2 14.4
4 33 104.6 115.3 10.7
5 52 103.6 114.7 11.1
6 60 91.8 103.2 11.4
Table 5 refers to Mean value frequency measured before use of mobile and after use of mobile. Also calculated delta mean
value of frequency.
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Volume XI, Issue XI, November/2019
ISSN NO: 0022-1945
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Fig. 5.Delta mean value frequency of various age groups.
It is observed that delta mean value of frequency increases after radiation and it more affects the children.
Fig 6: Brain wave magnitude with respect to frequency
The above Fig. 6.Shows the significance of EEG waves and resultant amplitude of signal in mV considering the frequency of
signal. The blue curve shows the amplitude of EEG signal without the mobile phone whereas red curve shows the amplitude of
signal with use of mobile phone. It can be seen that EEG frequency of red curve increases at same magnitude of as that of blue
curve. The observations are carried out on 6 persons, The EEG waveform is measured before use of cell phone and while
talking on cell phone. The distance band is 1.8 inch to 2.2 inch.
Table.6 Mean Value of Freq for different distance of mobile from ear for different age groups.
Person
no. Age.
Brain
wave
freq
without
mob
Brain
wave
freq
with
mobile
close
to ear
Brain
wave
freq
with
Handset
1 inch
distance
from ear
Brain
wave
freq
with
Handset
1.8 inch
distance
from ear
Brain
wave
freq
with
Handset
2 inch
distance
from ear
Brain
wave
freq
with
Handset
2.2 inch
distance
from ear
1 10 102.82 119.4 115.3 109.3 108.7 107.7
2 13 99.1 115.7 112.3 107.2 106.9 105.99
3 27 102.8 115.3 112.4 109.8 108.9 108.4
4 35 93.8 107.8 105.7 102.5 101.7 101.5
5 55 99.1 112.2 110.1 107.1 106.1 105.9
6 60 91.8 103.2 100.1 98.2 97.2 96.9
The above results indicate the increase in the frequency of EEG signals. Basically, it can be observed that more use of mobile
can increase the brain frequency of human. As we go on increasing the distance between human ear and mobile phone; the
resultant frequency goes on decreasing. This concludes that one should hold the mobile at some particular distance from human
ear.
Fig 7: Brainwave magnitude with respect to frequency with mobile phone 2 inch distance from ear and close to ear.
Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research
Volume XI, Issue XI, November/2019
ISSN NO: 0022-1945
Page No:139
Above figure 7 demonstrates the change in amplitude of EEG signal considering the 2 inch distance from ear of user. It is
observed that for 2 inch distance, frequency is less at same magnitude as that of mobile phone close to ear.
Fig. 8.Delta mean value frequency for Children
Figure 8 gives delta mean value frequency at different distance of mobile from the ear. As distance increase variation in
delta mean value of frequency decreases. In children delta mean value of frequency is more as compared with others.
Fig. 9.Delta mean value frequency for middle age
Figure 9 gives delta mean value frequency at different distance of mobile from the ear. As distance increase variation in delta
mean value of frequency decreases. In middle age delta mean value of frequency is less as compared with children.
Fig. 10.Delta mean value frequency for higher age
Figure 10 gives delta mean value frequency at different distance of mobile from the ear. As distance increase variation in
delta mean value of frequency decreases. In higher age delta mean value of frequency is less as compared with children.
Table. 7. Mean Value frequencies for different anti-radiation strips for different age groups.
Age Brain waefreqWithout Mobile
Brain wave freq with With Mobile
Brain wave freq with Mobile with Strip A
Brain wave freq with Mobile with Strip B
Brain wave freq with Mobile with Strip C
Person 1 12 Frequency in Hz
105.8 121.3 108.5 111.6 117.8
Power in
Microw
att
666.4 723.6 681.38 700.84 739.78
Person 2 11
Frequency in Hz
102.8 116.2 105.8 110.9 114.6
Power in
Microw
att
640.5 723.4 664.42 696.45 719.68
Person 1 12
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Frequency in Hz
102.8 116.2 13.4 111.6 113.8
Power in
Microw
att
640.5 723.4 82.9 700.84 714.66
Person 1 24 Frequency in Hz
103.8 116.4 12.6 111.5 113.8
Power in
Microw
att
651.8 737.2 85.4 700.22 714.66
Person 1 11 Frequency in Hz
102.8 117.4 14.6 109.6 112.2
Power in
Microw
att
645.5 730.9 85.4 688.28 704.61
Table 7 shows that mean value of frequency with and without mobile, anti-radiation strips are used for verification of
effect reduction.
Fig. 11. Delta Mean Value frequencies for different anti-radiation strips
Fig. 12. Delta Mean power for different anti-radiation strips
Without anti-radiation strip power in terms of heat is 91.11 uW, using anti-radiation strip power in terms of heat is
reduced.
Frequency of brain wave is tested without any anti-radiation sticker and with anti-radiation sticker such as DTL (Strip C), KINDRED
enterprise LLC (Strip A)and pure natural health (Strip B).It is observed that when cell phone is used with talk the average mean value of
frequency increase to 14.38Hz.Also we analyzed for strip A, Strip B & Strip C. With strip A, mean value of frequency increases
by 8.64 Hz. With strip B, mean value of frequency increases by 10.77 Hz. With strip C, mean value of frequency increases by
13.01Hz. Comparative to other strips, Strip A gives better performance. Heat effect is drastically reduces with anti-radiation
sticker.
Fig. 13.Delta mean value frequency for Children with different strips
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Figure 13 gives delta mean value of frequency with mobile and different anti radiation strips for the children. It shows that
without strip, rise in frequency is more, if we use strip frequency rise reduces. In children microwave radiation effect is more as
compared to others.
Fig. 14.Delta mean value frequency for middle age with different strips
Figure 14 gives delta mean value of frequency with mobile and different anti radiation strips for the children. It shows that
without strip, rise in frequency is more, if we use strip frequency rise reduces. In middle age microwave radiation effect is less
as compared to children.
Fig. 15.Delta mean value frequency for higher age with different strips
Figure 15 gives delta mean value of frequency with mobile and different anti radiation strips for the higher age.
Table. 8. Mean Value frequencies for different combination of anti-radiation strips for different age groups.
Age Brain waefreqWithout Mobile
Brain wave freq with With Mobile
Brain wave freq with Mobile with Strip A + B
Brain wave freq with Mobile with Strip A + B+C
Age Brain waefreqWithout Mobile
Brain wave freq with With Mobile
Brain wave freq with Mobile with Strip A + B
Brain wave freq with Mobile with Strip A + B+C
Person 1 12 Person 5 40 Frequency in Hz
105.8 121.3 111.5 108.5
Frequency in Hz
103.8 116.4 111.5 109.5
Power in Microwatt
666.4 761.76 700.22 681.3
Power in Microwatt
651.8 737.2 700.22 681.3
Person 2 11 Person 6 55
Frequency in Hz
102.8 116.2 115.8 110.1
Frequency in Hz
102.8 117.4 112.2 111.2
Power in Microwatt
640.5 723.4 727.22 691.4
Power in Microwatt
645.5 730.9 704.614 704.6
Person 3 25 Frequency in Hz
102.8 116.2 113.1 111.1
Power in Microwatt
640.5 723.4 710.26 697.7
Person 4 20 Frequency in Hz
103.8 117.2 114.1 112.1
Power in Microwatt
651.86 736.016 716.54 703.98
Table 8 shows that mean value of frequency with and without mobile, different combination of anti-radiation strips are used for
verification of effect reduction.
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ISSN NO: 0022-1945
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Fig. 16. Delta Mean Value frequencies for different combination of anti-radiation strips
With strip A&B, mean value of frequency increases by 8.01 Hz. With strip A, B & C, mean value of frequency increases
by 7.15Hz. Comparative to combination of strips A&B, combination of A,B&C gives better performance.
Fig. 17Delta mean power for different combination of strips.
Without strip power in terms of heat is more, with combination of strips, the power in terms of heat is less.
Fig. 18.Delta mean value frequency for Children with different combination of strips
Without strip frequency variation is more, using combination strip frequency variation is reduced, that reduction is upto
8.06Hz.
Fig. 19.Delta mean value frequency for middle age with different combination of strips
Without strip frequency variation is more, using combination strip frequency variation is reduced, that reduction is upto
6.18Hz.
Fig. 20.Delta mean value frequency for higher age with different combination of strips.
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Without strip frequency variation is more, using combination strip frequency variation is reduced, that reduction is upto
6.12Hz.
Fig. 21.Brain wave magnitude with respect to frequency for different combination of strips.
It shows that without strip, rise in frequency is more, if we use strip frequency rise reduces. The rise reduces further if we use
combination of different strips. In higher age microwave radiation effect is less as compared to children.
VI. CONCLUSION
We have Experimentallyanalyzed the effect of microwave radiation on human body tissues.it has been observed that
during microwave radiation there is increase in temperature of tissue and brain beta wave frequency. The simulation results
shows that rise in temperature of tissue is proportional to frequency of microwave radiation and radiation power. The transient
period is also proportional to frequency .The microwave radiation increases frequency of brain beta wave by 13.58Hz. Heat
energy is proportional to frequency and temperature is proportional to heat energy . Heat in the tissue is reduced by reducing
frequency of brain wave, which can be reduced by keeping mobile phone in distance band that is 1.8 to 2.2 inch and by use of
anti radiation strip .If the Mobile phone is kept in prescribed distance band then frequency variation is reduced by 54.48% and
with anti radiation strip reduction is up to 50.2%.
We carried out thorough analysis of effect of microwave hazards on human cells. with these experimental results we
conclude that sever deterioration of human cells can occur due to continuous bombardment of microwave radiations .We
optimized this deterioration experimentally with distance band and standard anti radiation strip from various companies .We
experimentally observed 50% reduction of heating effect of human tissue, which may cause minimal effect of deterioration of
human tissue .
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ISSN NO: 0022-1945
Page No:144
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