Analysis and Optimization of Microwave Wireless ...jicrjournal.com/gallery/14-november-2190.pdfMicrowave radiation can be made by modulation of radio frequency (RF) and electromagnetic

Mr D S Bhangari ,Electronics& Telecommunication PCE Nagpur,India

Dr A C Bhagali, ATS Miraj India

Dr R V Kshirsagar Jabalpur Engineering College India

[email protected]

Abstract—Electromagnetic radiation is one of the important aspect while studying the human biological characteristic and their

variation. Here we have experimentally analyzed the effect of microwave radiation exposure to human body cells in different time

bands.

The effect of Microwave radiation causes rise in temperature of tissue in the range of 0.14°C to 1.4 °C. This temperature effect is

analyzed using heat transfer equation. For heat transfer equation code is develop, simulation is carried out for different frequency and

radiation power. The simulation determines that temperature of tissue is proportional to frequency. The frequency has been changed

from 0.8GHz to 10GHz. It is observed that the temperature variation is 0.14°C to 1.4 °C for radiation power 10mW and 0.24 °C to 3

°C for radiation power 100mW. With the help of time response analysis it can be determine how much time is require to reach

normal temperature to the tissue after removing the exposure .Code is developed for time response, simulation is carried out for

frequency 0.8GHz to 10GHz, time response is 5.5 Sec to 7.5 Sec.

The microwave radiation to human cell can increase the temperature of cell is by high frequency heating. This rise in temperature

can effect on brain waves. Brain continuously generate wave, brain waves are alpha, beta, gamma, delta and theta. These waves are

modulated with microwaves. The brain beta waves are measured by EEG machine. The EEG waves are measured before exposing to

the microwave radiation and after exposing to the microwave radiation. The brain beta wave frequency experimental analysis gives

rise in frequency by 13.58 Hz as exposed to microwave radiation. This analysis is made for different age peoples, from that it is

observed that Microwave radiation is more effective to the children. Children brain beta wave frequency increased by 18.106 Hz.

Heat energy is proportional to frequency, by reducing brain beta frequency we can reduce the heat in tissue. The brain wave

frequency variation can be reduced by two ways 1. Keeping the mobile phone at a particular distance 2.The use of anti radiation strip.

In this paper experimental analysis is made for distance band for the position of mobile phone. The distance band is 1.8 inch to 2.2

inch. It is emphasized that if we use mobile phone in particular distance band, beta wave frequency variation is reduced by 54.48%.

For children beta wave frequency variation reduced by 46.37% in distance band of 1.8 inch to 2.2 inch. Microwave radiation effect

experimentally reduced by anti radiation strip which are of three types 1. DTL strip, 2.Neutralizer strip, 3. KINDRED enterprise

LLC.With DTL strip beta wave frequency variation reduced by 9.5 %, with Neutralizer strip (strip B) it is reduced by 25.10% and

with KINDRED enterprise LLC (strip A- USA) it is reduced by 38.8%. Combination of Neutralizer strip (strip B) and KINDRED

enterprise LLC (strip A- USA) it is reduced by 44.29% and with combination of all three strips it is reduced to 50.27%. Children are

more sensitive to microwave radiation as compared to other ages. They should use mobile phone for less period as compared to others.

Thus analysis of microwave frequency with various bands on human tissues is experimental evaluated, experimental result shows

that tissue will be affected by microwave hazard which may lead to deterioration of human cells. This deterioration of human cell can

be minimized using various anti radiation strips. DTL strip, Neutralizer strip and KINDRED enterprise LLC strip combination seems

to provide the minimum deterioration of human cell .Further we claim implication of microwave hazards effects is sever on human

tissues.

Index Terms: Viberimage, Elecrtomagnetic Spectrum, EEG.

I. INTRODUCTION

The worldwide advanced technology development has been dramatically increasing. This generates a great interest by people

to follow the evolution of technology. The new technology developed using microwave technology. The microwave technology

is used in many areas of science and technology such as television, radar, mobile phones through mobile towers. The Mobile

communication dramatically acquiesce the whole world. It is one of the important electronics appliances that are mainly used by

Analysis and Optimization of Microwave

Wireless Transmission Hazards on Human

tissues and its ramification

Mr. D. S. Bhangari, Dr. A. C. Bhagali, Dr. R. V. Kshirsagar

Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research

Volume XI, Issue XI, November/2019

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everyone for audio and video communication. The reason for the increasing demand of mobile phone is due to its connectivity

to any user in the world from any place. Continuous use of cell phone are harmful to human cells[1][2]. The microwave

radiation ix extremely harmful causing generic damage, tumors, memory loss, increased blood pressure & weakening of

immune system[3][4]. Analysis is done by using EEG signal which is considered as linear signal. The signal generated by EEG

is random signal[5][6]. EEG signal consists noise and artifacts, by removing that analysis is made. The brain waves are analyzed

using EEG machine. Microwave radiation can be made by modulation of radio frequency (RF) and electromagnetic field (EMF).

It is non-ionizing radiation. Effect of microwave radiation depends on frequency and signal strength[7][8][9]. It can induce

electric field and circulating current to flow through the body. Brain continuously generates waves, these waves are modulated

with microwave radiation[10][11][12]. Here we have analyzed the variation in frequency after exposure to microwave radiation.

If we use mobile in particular distance band the effect in frequency variation is reduced[13][14][15]. Here frequency can vary

from 0.8 GHz to 10 GHz. When we keep mobile phone in distance band of 1.8 inch to 2.2 inch then frequency variation

reduces[16][17].Children are more sensitive to microwave radiation as compared to other ages. They should use mobile phone

for less period as compared to others. If we use anti-radiation strip with mobile phone, the variation in frequency of brain wave

reduces.

A. Brain wave Frequency

The biological characteristics of brain wave changes because of additional electromagnetic emission. The electromagnetic

radiation is of rising importance in the study biological characteristic variations. The signal amplitude of EEG single is very

small in the range of microvolt [3][15].

Figure 1 shows various frequency sub-bands, of EEG signals. It includes Delta frequency band having frequency of 3 Hz or

below, Theta frequency band having frequency of 3.5 to 7.5 Hz, Alpha frequency band having frequency between 7.5 and 13 Hz

and Beta frequency band having frequencies higher than 13 Hz [7].

Fig 1 Brain Wave Ranges [5]

II. RELATED SURVEY

In many papers, it is clearly reported that there is a positive effect on biological tissues because of radiation. In [14] has done

the survey of all the reported systems with respect to effect of mobile phone radiation on human body. They investigated the

effect of mobile phone radiation on cancer.

In [15] has done research on various features of EEG to be analyzed for testing the effect of mobile phone radiation on human

brain. They concluded that analysis that combination of time frequency features will give greater significance in improved

performance. In [16] the authors had analyzed the opportunities and challenges in effect of mobile EEG different

Neurodevelopment Disorders.

In [16], authors highlighted that Mobile phones (MP) emit low-level electromagnetic fields which affects neural

function in humans. They reported that it has an effect of MP exposure on EEG alpha power. In [13], authors concluded that the

people who spend more than 50 minutes a day using a cell phone could have early dementia or other thermal damage due to the

burning of glucose in the brain.

In summary, it is seen that there is effect of mobile phone radiation on human brain. The EEG is useful tool to detect the brain

waves. There is increase in frequency of brain wave, heat power proportional to frequency. There is a heating effect due to

mobile phone radiation. The heating effect may change the nature of EEG waves.



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III. ANALYTICAL TREATMENT

When tissue is in electromagnetic field, as per high frequency heating, heat generates in the tissue, because of blood

circulation tissue heat transfer to blood and heat from blood transferred to atmosphere.

The one-dimensional heat transfer equation in tissue is given by

ρc𝜕T′

𝜕𝑡= k

d2T′

dx2− Vs T′ − To + Q x, t

Where

ρ = the density of tissue in gm/cm3

c = the specific heat of tissue plus blood in cal/gm0C

k = the coefficient of tissue heat conduction in cal/cm/s0C

Vs =the product of flow and heat capacity of blood in cal/cm3/s0C

Q(x,t)= the heat input due to the microwave field in cal/cm3/s

T‟(x,t)= the tissue temperature in 0C

T0= the temperature of the arterial blood entering the tissue.

xmax = 1

λ−1/L . { Ln L λ + Ln 1 +

λ−1/L2

q0 T0 − Te } (1)

Where,

X - distance from tissue surface to temp reached to normal

λ-wave length

L-microwave penetration depth in cm

q0= I0τ/JLK

I0-wave intensity w/cm2

τ-traction of energy transmitted into the tissue

J-mechanical equivalent of heat

K-coefficient of tissue heat conduction

T0-temputure of arterial blood entering the tissue

Te- tissue surface temperature

The microwave radiation to human cell can increase the temperature of cell is by high frequency heating.

Here, power is calculated using high frequency heating equation.

𝑃 = 2𝜋fε0εrE2 (2)

E=Magnitude of Brain wave

f=frequency in Hz

Figure 2 & 3 shows the graph of Temperature „T‟ verses Distance „X‟ is plotted with various frequencies. The frequencies are

specifically selected which are mobile carrier frequency like 900MHz, 1.8 GHz, 8GHz and 10 GHz. The microwave penetration

depth in cm „L‟ is kept fixed at 0.1 cm in figure 2.

Table 1. Steady state analysis with different frequencies

Penetration Length L = 0.1cm, Wave intensity I0 =100mW

Sr. no Frequency in GHz

(f)

Rise in tissue

Temperature in

degree Celsius (Ts)

1 CDMA- 0.8 0.24

2 2G- 0.9 0.27

3 2G- 1.8 0.54

4 3G- 2.56 0.75

5 4G- 8 2.4

6 10 3



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Table 2. Steady state analysis with different frequencies



(f)

Rise in tissue

Temperature in

degree Celsius

(Ts)

1 CDMA- 0.8 0.14

2 2G- 0.9 0.158

3 2G- 1.8 0.31

4 3G- 2.56 0.44

5 4G- 8 1.4

Table 1 and 2 gives steady state analysis with different frequencies and different wave intensities. Table 1 wave

intensity is 100mW whereas Table 2 wave intensity is 10mW. As frequency increase, rise in temperature increases and also rise

in temperature depends on wave intensity.

Fig.2Results of Steady state analysis with various mobile carrier frequencies

From figure 2 it is observed that, when frequency is more and more, the temperature is more. One can prefer use of 900MHz

band to minimize it. But in the today scenario of increasing data speed competition, the mobile evolution is taking place from

2G to 3G to 4G and 5G. So, minimizing the frequency is not feasible solution.

Fig.3results with various L and f=10GHz

Figure 3 shows, the effect of variation in „L‟ for 10 GHz frequency. The graph of Temperature „T‟ verses Distance „X‟ is

plotted with f= 10 GHz. From figure 3, it is observed that when „L‟ is greater, then „X‟ is lower. The task is to find the optimal

value of distance „L‟.

IV. TRANSIENT ANALYSIS

Fourier Transform can be used for obtaining the solution of transient analysis.

d2Tω

dω2 − k2Tω + q0 x Tω iω = 0 (3)

After applying Fourier transform to heat transfer equation we get equation (3).



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Table 3. Transient analysis with different frequencies



(f)

Rise in tissue

Temperature in

degree Celsius

(Ts)

1 CDMA- 0.8 5

2 2G- 0.9 6

3 2G- 1.8 6.5

4 3G- 2.5 7

5 4G- 8 7

6 10 7.5

Table 3 gives time response analysis for different frequencies. It indicates as radiation frequency increase, the transient period

increases that is more time is required to reach normal temperature to the tissue.

Fig. 4.Transient study with different frequencies.

The Transient analysis made for different frequencies, it is observed that transient time is proportional to the frequency.

Table. 4. Significance of EEG Waves

Physiological State Frequency

Band

Brain Waves,

Hz

Sleep/Exhausted Delta Below 3

Drowsy/Tired Theta 3.5 to 7.5

Relaxed Alpha 7.5 – 13

Excited/Working Beta >13

Table 4 shows the Physiological State and frequency range associated with it.

V. RESULTS

The fifty persons EEG waveform is measured before use of cell phone and while talking on cell phone. Among these six

persons are shown here. The experiment is carried out for the distance band of 1.8 inch to 2.2 inch between cell phone and ear

and the brain wave frequency is measured. Herethe experimentation with different separate anti-radiation strips and combination

of anti-radiation trips is also conducted to analyse the frequency variation in brain waves.

Table. 5 Mean Value Frequencies with and without mobile for different age groups.

Person

no. Age.

Brain wave

frequency

without mob in

Hz

Brain wave

frequency

With mobile

in Hz

Delta Mean

value of

frequency in

Hz

1 10 101.82 118.4 16.58

2 12 100.8 112.7 11.9

3 26 99.8 114.2 14.4

4 33 104.6 115.3 10.7

5 52 103.6 114.7 11.1

6 60 91.8 103.2 11.4

Table 5 refers to Mean value frequency measured before use of mobile and after use of mobile. Also calculated delta mean

value of frequency.



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Fig. 5.Delta mean value frequency of various age groups.

It is observed that delta mean value of frequency increases after radiation and it more affects the children.

Fig 6: Brain wave magnitude with respect to frequency

The above Fig. 6.Shows the significance of EEG waves and resultant amplitude of signal in mV considering the frequency of

signal. The blue curve shows the amplitude of EEG signal without the mobile phone whereas red curve shows the amplitude of

signal with use of mobile phone. It can be seen that EEG frequency of red curve increases at same magnitude of as that of blue

curve. The observations are carried out on 6 persons, The EEG waveform is measured before use of cell phone and while

talking on cell phone. The distance band is 1.8 inch to 2.2 inch.

Table.6 Mean Value of Freq for different distance of mobile from ear for different age groups.

Person

no. Age.

Brain

wave

freq

without

mob

Brain

wave

freq

with

mobile

close

to ear

Brain

wave

freq

with

Handset

1 inch

distance

from ear

Brain

wave

freq

with

Handset

1.8 inch

distance

from ear

Brain

wave

freq

with

Handset

2 inch

distance

from ear

Brain

wave

freq

with

Handset

2.2 inch

distance

from ear

1 10 102.82 119.4 115.3 109.3 108.7 107.7

2 13 99.1 115.7 112.3 107.2 106.9 105.99

3 27 102.8 115.3 112.4 109.8 108.9 108.4

4 35 93.8 107.8 105.7 102.5 101.7 101.5

5 55 99.1 112.2 110.1 107.1 106.1 105.9

6 60 91.8 103.2 100.1 98.2 97.2 96.9

The above results indicate the increase in the frequency of EEG signals. Basically, it can be observed that more use of mobile

can increase the brain frequency of human. As we go on increasing the distance between human ear and mobile phone; the

resultant frequency goes on decreasing. This concludes that one should hold the mobile at some particular distance from human

ear.

Fig 7: Brainwave magnitude with respect to frequency with mobile phone 2 inch distance from ear and close to ear.



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Above figure 7 demonstrates the change in amplitude of EEG signal considering the 2 inch distance from ear of user. It is

observed that for 2 inch distance, frequency is less at same magnitude as that of mobile phone close to ear.

Fig. 8.Delta mean value frequency for Children

Figure 8 gives delta mean value frequency at different distance of mobile from the ear. As distance increase variation in

delta mean value of frequency decreases. In children delta mean value of frequency is more as compared with others.

Fig. 9.Delta mean value frequency for middle age

Figure 9 gives delta mean value frequency at different distance of mobile from the ear. As distance increase variation in delta

mean value of frequency decreases. In middle age delta mean value of frequency is less as compared with children.

Fig. 10.Delta mean value frequency for higher age

Figure 10 gives delta mean value frequency at different distance of mobile from the ear. As distance increase variation in

delta mean value of frequency decreases. In higher age delta mean value of frequency is less as compared with children.

Table. 7. Mean Value frequencies for different anti-radiation strips for different age groups.

Age Brain waefreqWithout Mobile

Brain wave freq with With Mobile

Brain wave freq with Mobile with Strip A

Brain wave freq with Mobile with Strip B

Brain wave freq with Mobile with Strip C

Person 1 12 Frequency in Hz

105.8 121.3 108.5 111.6 117.8

Power in

Microw

att

666.4 723.6 681.38 700.84 739.78

Person 2 11

Frequency in Hz

102.8 116.2 105.8 110.9 114.6

Power in

Microw

att

640.5 723.4 664.42 696.45 719.68

Person 1 12



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Frequency in Hz

102.8 116.2 13.4 111.6 113.8

Power in

Microw

att

640.5 723.4 82.9 700.84 714.66


103.8 116.4 12.6 111.5 113.8

Power in

Microw

att

651.8 737.2 85.4 700.22 714.66


102.8 117.4 14.6 109.6 112.2

Power in

Microw

att

645.5 730.9 85.4 688.28 704.61

Table 7 shows that mean value of frequency with and without mobile, anti-radiation strips are used for verification of

effect reduction.

Fig. 11. Delta Mean Value frequencies for different anti-radiation strips

Fig. 12. Delta Mean power for different anti-radiation strips

Without anti-radiation strip power in terms of heat is 91.11 uW, using anti-radiation strip power in terms of heat is

reduced.

Frequency of brain wave is tested without any anti-radiation sticker and with anti-radiation sticker such as DTL (Strip C), KINDRED

enterprise LLC (Strip A)and pure natural health (Strip B).It is observed that when cell phone is used with talk the average mean value of

frequency increase to 14.38Hz.Also we analyzed for strip A, Strip B & Strip C. With strip A, mean value of frequency increases

by 8.64 Hz. With strip B, mean value of frequency increases by 10.77 Hz. With strip C, mean value of frequency increases by

13.01Hz. Comparative to other strips, Strip A gives better performance. Heat effect is drastically reduces with anti-radiation

sticker.

Fig. 13.Delta mean value frequency for Children with different strips



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Figure 13 gives delta mean value of frequency with mobile and different anti radiation strips for the children. It shows that

without strip, rise in frequency is more, if we use strip frequency rise reduces. In children microwave radiation effect is more as

compared to others.

Fig. 14.Delta mean value frequency for middle age with different strips

Figure 14 gives delta mean value of frequency with mobile and different anti radiation strips for the children. It shows that

without strip, rise in frequency is more, if we use strip frequency rise reduces. In middle age microwave radiation effect is less

as compared to children.

Fig. 15.Delta mean value frequency for higher age with different strips

Figure 15 gives delta mean value of frequency with mobile and different anti radiation strips for the higher age.

Table. 8. Mean Value frequencies for different combination of anti-radiation strips for different age groups.



Brain wave freq with Mobile with Strip A + B

Brain wave freq with Mobile with Strip A + B+C



Brain wave freq with Mobile with Strip A + B

Brain wave freq with Mobile with Strip A + B+C

Person 1 12 Person 5 40 Frequency in Hz

105.8 121.3 111.5 108.5

Frequency in Hz

103.8 116.4 111.5 109.5

Power in Microwatt

666.4 761.76 700.22 681.3

Power in Microwatt

651.8 737.2 700.22 681.3

Person 2 11 Person 6 55

Frequency in Hz

102.8 116.2 115.8 110.1

Frequency in Hz

102.8 117.4 112.2 111.2

Power in Microwatt

640.5 723.4 727.22 691.4

Power in Microwatt

645.5 730.9 704.614 704.6


102.8 116.2 113.1 111.1

Power in Microwatt

640.5 723.4 710.26 697.7


103.8 117.2 114.1 112.1

Power in Microwatt

651.86 736.016 716.54 703.98

Table 8 shows that mean value of frequency with and without mobile, different combination of anti-radiation strips are used for

verification of effect reduction.



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Fig. 16. Delta Mean Value frequencies for different combination of anti-radiation strips

With strip A&B, mean value of frequency increases by 8.01 Hz. With strip A, B & C, mean value of frequency increases

by 7.15Hz. Comparative to combination of strips A&B, combination of A,B&C gives better performance.

Fig. 17Delta mean power for different combination of strips.

Without strip power in terms of heat is more, with combination of strips, the power in terms of heat is less.

Fig. 18.Delta mean value frequency for Children with different combination of strips

Without strip frequency variation is more, using combination strip frequency variation is reduced, that reduction is upto

8.06Hz.

Fig. 19.Delta mean value frequency for middle age with different combination of strips


6.18Hz.

Fig. 20.Delta mean value frequency for higher age with different combination of strips.



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6.12Hz.

Fig. 21.Brain wave magnitude with respect to frequency for different combination of strips.

It shows that without strip, rise in frequency is more, if we use strip frequency rise reduces. The rise reduces further if we use

combination of different strips. In higher age microwave radiation effect is less as compared to children.

VI. CONCLUSION

We have Experimentallyanalyzed the effect of microwave radiation on human body tissues.it has been observed that

during microwave radiation there is increase in temperature of tissue and brain beta wave frequency. The simulation results

shows that rise in temperature of tissue is proportional to frequency of microwave radiation and radiation power. The transient

period is also proportional to frequency .The microwave radiation increases frequency of brain beta wave by 13.58Hz. Heat

energy is proportional to frequency and temperature is proportional to heat energy . Heat in the tissue is reduced by reducing

frequency of brain wave, which can be reduced by keeping mobile phone in distance band that is 1.8 to 2.2 inch and by use of

anti radiation strip .If the Mobile phone is kept in prescribed distance band then frequency variation is reduced by 54.48% and

with anti radiation strip reduction is up to 50.2%.

We carried out thorough analysis of effect of microwave hazards on human cells. with these experimental results we

conclude that sever deterioration of human cells can occur due to continuous bombardment of microwave radiations .We

optimized this deterioration experimentally with distance band and standard anti radiation strip from various companies .We

experimentally observed 50% reduction of heating effect of human tissue, which may cause minimal effect of deterioration of

human tissue .

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Analysis and Optimization of Microwave Wireless ...jicrjournal.com/gallery/14-november-2190.pdfMicrowave radiation can be made by modulation of radio frequency (RF) and electromagnetic