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Population: Land (km2): Islands: 1.185
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Age and gender differences in affect regulation Age and gender differences in affect regulation strategies - representative sample of Croatiastrategies - representative sample of Croatia
Ljiljana Kaliterna LipovčanLjiljana Kaliterna LipovčanAA, Zvjezdana Prizmic Larsen, Zvjezdana Prizmic LarsenBB
& Renata Franc& Renata FrancAA
A A Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, CroatiaInstitute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, CroatiaBB Washington University, St. Louis, USA Washington University, St. Louis, USA
AIMSAIMS
To exploreTo explore the affect regulation strategies used in the affect regulation strategies used in regulating the negative feelings in everyday life on regulating the negative feelings in everyday life on the large, representative sample of Croatia citizensthe large, representative sample of Croatia citizens
►► general use and distribution of using different general use and distribution of using different regulation strategies in everyday life regulation strategies in everyday life ► ► gender and age differences in the average usegender and age differences in the average use of regulation strategies of regulation strategies
Population: 4.494.000Land (km2): 89.810Islands: 1.185
the first fountain pen!
the first parachute byFaust Vrančicć (1551-1617)
The first torpedo was manufactured in Rijeka and lounched atDecember 20, 1886
Torpedo factory, Rijeka 1905.
Italian - Cravatta, Spanish - Corbata,
Portugese - Gravata, Irish - Carabhat, English - Cravat,
Swedish - Kravatt, Finnish - Kravatti, Flemish - Krawaat
Polish - Krawat, Ukrainian - Kravatka
Cravate (1635)
Dalmatian dog
Croatia – Brasil 0:1Croatia - Japan 0:0
Croatia - Australia 2:2
SUBJECTSSUBJECTS
Demographic characteristics of the representative sample of Croatian citizens (N=900)
Age: Mean Median 42 Range 18-92 years
Age groups: frequency (%) Young (18-29) 224 (24.9) Middle (30-44) 271 (30.1) Aged (45-59) 232 (25.8) Old age (60 +) 164 (18.2)
Gender: Women 486 (54%) Men 414 (46%)
MEASURES & PROCEDURE
► Measure of Affect Regulation Styles, MARS (Larsen & Prizmic 2004) 38 specific behaviours that people use to regulate negative feelings rated on the scale 1 = never; 7 = always 7 factors (mood regulation strategies)
► In-person interviews in respondent’s home, anonymous, respond rate 77%
Active distractiongoing out with friends, doing some fun, laughin
Cognitive engagementthinking about positive things, things that are
going well in life, putting things in perspective
Behavioral engagementmaking plans how to avoid such problems in
future, taking action to solve the problem
Mood regulation strategies
Venting and expressing affect letting feelings out, expressing them, talking to someone about their feelings
Passive distraction and acceptancepraying, accepting it as fate, drinking, eating
Rumination and withdrawtrying to understand own feelings, thinkingabout own feelings, writing about own feelings
Waitingdoing nothing, letting things wait, daydreaming
Mood regulation strategies
RESULTSRESULTS
1. 1. Average ratings of affect regulation strategiesAverage ratings of affect regulation strategies a) Average ratings of strategies in whole samplea) Average ratings of strategies in whole sample
Affect regulation strategies
WRRWPDVBECEAD
Rat
ings
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
AD = active dis.CE = cognitive eng.BE = behavioral eng.V = venting/expres.PD= passive dis./accept.RW = ruminat./withdrawWR = waiting
F = 233.1, p<.001
AD,CE,BE > others strat.
Gender differencesGender differences
WRRWPDVBECEAD
Rat
ings
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0WRRWPDVBECEAD
Rat
ings
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
AD = active dis.CE = cognitive eng.BE = behavioral eng.V = venting/expres.PD= passive dis./accept.RW = ruminat./withdrawWR = waiting
F=131.8, p<.001 AD,CE,BE > others strat.
F=116.4, p<.001 AD,CE,BE,V > others strat.
Main effect for genderMain effect for gender F=9.85, p<.001 F=9.85, p<.001 Women > MenWomen > Men
Venting and expressing affect Venting and expressing affect Rumination and withdraw Rumination and withdraw Passive distraction and acceptance Passive distraction and acceptance
Average ratings of strategies by age groupsAverage ratings of strategies by age groups
WRRWPDVBECEAD
Rat
ings
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
WRRWPDVBECEAD
Rat
ings
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
WRRWPDVBECEAD
Rat
ings
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
AD = active dis. CE = cognitive eng. BE = behavioral eng. V =vent./expres. PD= passive dis./accept. RW = ruminat./withdr. WR=waiting
Young 18-29 (p<.001) Middle 30-44 (p<.001)
Aged 45-59 (p<.001) Old 60+ (p<.001)
WRRWPDVBECEAD
Rat
ings
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
WRVBECEAD
Rat
ings
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
Young
Middle
Aged
Old
Main effect for age groups F=37.47, p<.001Main effect for age groups F=37.47, p<.001
Active distractionActive distraction
Venting and expressing affectVenting and expressing affect
Cognitive engagementCognitive engagement Behavioral engagementBehavioral engagement
WaitingWaiting
Young vs. others:
Old vs. othersYoung & Old vs. others
Interaction effect gender x age for Venting and expressing affectF=10.32, p<.001
Age groups
Old ageAgedMiddleYoung
Freq
uenc
y 6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Gender
Male
Female
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
►► TThere are gender and age differences in usinghere are gender and age differences in using regulation strategies to regulate negative feelings regulation strategies to regulate negative feelings in everyday life in everyday life
►► Predictions were confirmed:Predictions were confirmed:- - women used more rumination strategies than menwomen used more rumination strategies than men- young and old people differed the most in Active distraction,- young and old people differed the most in Active distraction,
Cognitive and Behavioral engagement, Venting and expressingCognitive and Behavioral engagement, Venting and expressing affect but not in Waitingaffect but not in Waiting
Future?
• comparisons with other culturescomparisons with other cultures
• is there the best mood regulation is there the best mood regulation strategy to be used?strategy to be used?
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