Achieving higher grain yield through integrated crop ... · 8 12 16 500 pl m-2 3000 pl m-2 10000 pl...

Achieving higher grain yield through integrated crop

establishment in irrigated rice fields

Tanguy Lafarge, Estela PasuquinZuziana Susanti, Brenda Tubana, Crisanta Bueno

IRRC, 10 October 2006, New Delhi

• Addressing the impact of a single factor by avoiding combining effects of confounding factors– Changing one factor (seed density in the

nursery, transplanting age, nursery type) independently of the others

– Growing crops under the same climate conditions

– Transplanting plant at the same plant spacing and density

– Applying optimal nitrogen requirement (SPAD)

Scientific approach

• Transplanting 20 to 30 days-old seedlings (7 to 10-leaf stage)– Farmers prefer to transplant old seedlings– High tiller mortality if early transplanting may

induce significant dry matter loss

• Sowing in the nursery from 3000 to 10000 seeds m-2 (75 to 250 g seeds m-2)

Nursery management in farmers’ fields

500 pl m-2 3000 pl m-2

40000 pl m-210000 pl m-2

IR72 in the nursery, 6 days after sowing

Plant response to seed density

Days after sowing (days)0 20 40 60 80

Leaf

num

ber o

n th

e m

aint

iller

0

4

8

12

16500 pl m-2

3000 pl m-2

10000 pl m-2

40000 pl m-2

Transplanting 35 days after sowing

Plant response to seed density

leaf 3

leaf 4

3.4 leaves

Days after sowing (days)0 20 40 60 80

Leaf

num

ber o

n th

e m

aint

iller

0

4

8

12

16500 pl m-2

3000 pl m-2

10000 pl m-2

40000 pl m-2

Transplanting 35 days after sowing

main fieldnursery

Leaf emergence was similar before and after transplanting whatever the seed density

Plant response to seed density

High seed density in the nursery affected leaf emergenceNo transplanting shock was observed on leaf emergence

- variety IR72- same sowing date and plant density after transplanting

Leaf emergence was affected in the nursery if high density

Days after sowing (days)0 30 60 90 120 150Pr

oduc

tive

tille

r num

ber p

er p

lant

0

5

10

15

20

500 pl m-2

3000 pl m-2

10000 pl m-2

40000 pl m-2

Transplanting 35 days after sowing

main fieldnursery

Plant response to seed density

-Tiller emergence resumed right after transplanting whatever the density

I1

- Tiller emergence was delayed as soon as 14 DAS if density as high as 3000 seeds m-2 in the nursery

High seed density in the nursery affected tiller emergenceTransplanting allowed tiller emergence to resume

- variety IR72- same sowing date and plant density after transplanting

- Tiller emergence was delayedif extended stay in the nursery

Plant response to transplanting agePr

oduc

tive

tille

r num

ber

per p

lant

0

5

10

15

20

25

7 DAS21 DAS35 DAS

Days after sowing 0 40 80 120

Shoo

t dry

wei

ght

(g p

lt-1)

0

10

20

30

Transplanting age: 7, 21 and 35 days (3, 7 and 11 leaf stage) Nursery density: 3000 seeds m-2

Growth and development resumed right after transplanting

- Shoot dry weight was delayedif extended stay in the nurseryand resumed thereafter

- variety IR72- same sowing date and plant density after transplanting

- Tiller emergence resumedright after transplanting whatever the transplanting age

• Low seed rate in the nursery and early transplanting did not delay leaf and tiller emergence and shoot dry weight increase

• No transplanting shock was observed– Recovery in tiller emergence was observed right

after transplanting, whatever the seed density and transplanting age were

– Leaf emergence was not affected by transplanting• Is there any positive effect on grain yield?

Plant response to nursery management

Prod

uctiv

e til

ler n

umbe

r pe

r pla

nt

0

5

10

15

20

25

7 DAS21 DAS35 DAS

Days after sowing 0 40 80 120

Shoo

t dry

wei

ght

(g p

lt-1)

0

10

20

30

Transplanting age: 7, 21 and 35 days (3, 7 and 11 leaf stage)Nursery density: 3000 seeds m-2, hill spacing 20 x 20 cm

Grain Yield (t ha-1)

Mean S.E

7 DAS 4.06 0.02

21 DAS 3.98 0.38

35 DAS 3.11 0.31

IRRI, late wet season- same climate conditions- same plant density- optimal nitrogen management

Yield increase with early transplanting

IR72

Prod

uctiv

e til

ler n

umbe

r pe

r pla

nt

0

5

10

15

20

257 DAS21 DAS35 DAS

Days after sowing 0 40 80 120

Shoo

t dry

wei

ght

(g p

lt-1)

0

10

20

30

Transplanting age: 7, 21 and 35 days (3, 7 and 11 leaf stage)Nursery density: 10000 seeds m-2 , hill spacing 20 x 20 cm

Grain Yield (t ha-1)

Mean S.E

7 DAS 4.40 0.12

21 DAS 3.86 0.30

35 DAS 2.95 0.29

IRRI, late wet season- same climate conditions- same plant density after transplanting- optimal nitrogen management

IR72

Yield increase with early transplanting

transplanted 7 days after

sowing

transplanted 21 days after

sowing

transplanted 14 days after

sowing

IR72 in the main field, 34 days after sowing

for all 3 situations

Transplanting, hill spacing 20 x 20 cm

Yield increase with early transplanting

Grain Yield (t ha-1)

Mean S.E

7 days transplanting 6.99 0.12

14 days transplanting 6.34 0.08

21 days transplanting 6.06 0.11

Prod

uctiv

e til

ler n

umbe

r pe

r pla

nt

0

10

20

30

407 DAS14 DAS21 DAS

Days after sowing 0 40 80 120

Shoo

t dry

wei

ght

(g p

lt-1)

0

20

40

60

IRRI, dry season- same climate conditions- same plant density after transplanting- optimal nitrogen management

IR72

Transplanting age: 7, 14 and 21 days (3, 5 and 7 leaf stage)Nursery density: 3000 seeds m-2 , hill spacing 20 x 20 cm

Yield increase with early transplanting

Grain Yield (t ha-1)

Mean S.E

7 days transplanting 7.75 0.05

14 days transplanting 6.98 0.06

21 days transplanting 6.97 0.03

Prod

uctiv

e til

ler n

umbe

r pe

r pla

nt

0

10

20

30

40

7 DAS14 DAS21 DAS

Days after sowing 0 40 80 120

Shoo

t dry

wei

ght

(g p

lt-1)

0

30

60Hybrid rice

Transplanting age: 7, 14 and 21 days (3, 5 and 7 leaf stage)Nursery density: 3000 seeds m-2 , hill spacing 20 x 20 cm

IRRI, dry season- same climate conditions- same plant density after transplanting- optimal nitrogen management

Yield increase with early transplanting

Grain yield (t ha-1)

Dry season IR72 Hybrid1 Hybrid2

Mean S.E Mean S.E Mean S.E

7 DAT 6.99 0.12 7.75 0.05 7.58 0.02

14 DAT 6.34 0.08 6.98 0.06 6.81 0.07

21 DAT 6.06 0.11 6.97 0.03 6.99 0.05

Wet season IR72 Hybrid1 NPT

7 DAT 5.28 0.05 6.58 0.11 4.55 0.13

14 DAT 5.10 0.03 5.98 0.07 4.61 0.04

21 DAT 5.14 0.05 5.86 0.03 2.59 0.25

Transplanting age: 7, 14 and 21 days (3, 5 and 7 leaf stage)Nursery density: 3000 seeds m-2 , hill spacing 20 x 20 cm

Response valid for a range of genotypes and seasons

Yield increase with early transplanting

Tiller mortality rate

Dry season IR72 Hybrid 1 Hybrid 2

Mean S.E Mean S.E Mean S.E

7 DAT 0.43 0.04 0.39 0.04 0.32 0.03

14 DAT 0.31 0.04 0.26 0.02 0.19 0.03

21 DAT 0.25 0.02 0.23 0.02 0.34 0.04

Wet season IR72 Hybrid 1 NPT

7 DAT 0.51 0.03 0.43 0.04 0.46 0.02

14 DAT 0.50 0.03 0.35 0.04 0.39 0.04

21 DAT 0.44 0.03 0.27 0.05 0.31 0.08

Transplanting age: 7, 14 and 21 days (3, 5 and 7 leaf stage)Nursery density: 3000 seeds m-2 , hill spacing 20 x 20 cm

Response associated with higher tiller mortality rate

Yield increase with early transplanting

Wet-bed Mat nursery

Seedling tray Dapog

Plant response to nursery type

Grain Yield (t ha-1)

Mean S.E

ST14 7.59 0.03

WB14 6.98 0.06

MN14 7.69 0.04

DP14 7.03 0.04

Prod

uctiv

e til

ler n

umbe

r pe

r pla

nt

0

10

20

30STWBMNDP

Days after sowing 0 40 80 120

Shoo

t dry

wei

ght

(g p

lt-1)

0

30

60

Hybrid rice

Plant response to nursery typeIRRI, dry season- same climate conditions- same plant density in nursery and field- same transplanting age- same nitrogen management

Grain yield (t ha-1)

Dry season IR72 Hybrid 1 Hybrid 2

Mean S.E Mean S.E Mean S.E

ST14 6.55 0.03 7.59 0.03 6.98 0.01

WB14 6.34 0.08 6.98 0.06 6.81 0.07

MN14 6.54 0.04 7.69 0.04 6.91 0.04

DP14 6.39 0.18 7.03 0.04 6.78 0.04

Wet season IR72 Hybrid 1 NPT

ST14 5.26 0.11 6.29 0.03 4.45 0.07

WB14 5.10 0.03 5.98 0.07 4.61 0.04

MN14 5.02 0.08 6.08 0.02 4.90 0.07

Plant response to nursery type

• Early transplanting induced a significant increase in grain yield (up to 1 t ha-1 in some conditions)– due to earlier tiller and leaf area production– valid for contrasted genotypes and growing conditions

• Early transplanting shall promote a significant reduction in nursery area– as long as the seed rate in the nursery is increased

Plant response to nursery management

• One specific nursery type might be genotype specific and did not have a significant impact on grain yield– as long as the different types were compared

with the same transplanting age, same seed rate in the nursery and same climate conditions

• Higher grain yield was associated with a higher tiller mortality rate (in response to early transplanting)

Plant response to nursery management

H1 H3 I1 N1

Method mean se mean se mean se mean se

Transplanting 9.02 0.45 8.28 0.16 6.06 0.10 8.01 0.34

Broadcasting 7.63 0.41 9.24 0.29 6.72 0.26 7.15 0.53

Row seeding 7.71 0.22 8.44 0.30 6.71 0.20 7.62 0.24

Hill sowing 8.25 0.20 8.18 0.42 6.70 0.11 7.32 0.19

Comparison of grain yield between transplanting and direct-seeding

H1 H3 I1 N1

Method mean se mean se mean se mean se

Transplanting 0.59 0.02 0.63 0.01 0.68 0.02 0.62 0.02

Broadcasting 0.69 0.02 0.69 0.04 0.77 0.02 0.71 0.02

Row seeding 0.68 0.05 0.65 0.03 0.75 0.03 0.69 0.01

Hill sowing 0.68 0.01 0.70 0.03 0.73 0.03 0.64 0.00

Comparison of tiller mortality rate between transplanting and direct-seeding