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Achieving higher grain yield through integrated crop
establishment in irrigated rice fields
Tanguy Lafarge, Estela PasuquinZuziana Susanti, Brenda Tubana, Crisanta Bueno
IRRC, 10 October 2006, New Delhi
• Addressing the impact of a single factor by avoiding combining effects of confounding factors– Changing one factor (seed density in the
nursery, transplanting age, nursery type) independently of the others
– Growing crops under the same climate conditions
– Transplanting plant at the same plant spacing and density
– Applying optimal nitrogen requirement (SPAD)
Scientific approach
• Transplanting 20 to 30 days-old seedlings (7 to 10-leaf stage)– Farmers prefer to transplant old seedlings– High tiller mortality if early transplanting may
induce significant dry matter loss
• Sowing in the nursery from 3000 to 10000 seeds m-2 (75 to 250 g seeds m-2)
Nursery management in farmers’ fields
500 pl m-2 3000 pl m-2
40000 pl m-210000 pl m-2
IR72 in the nursery, 6 days after sowing
Plant response to seed density
Days after sowing (days)0 20 40 60 80
Leaf
num
ber o
n th
e m
aint
iller
0
4
8
12
16500 pl m-2
3000 pl m-2
10000 pl m-2
40000 pl m-2
Transplanting 35 days after sowing
Plant response to seed density
leaf 3
leaf 4
3.4 leaves
Days after sowing (days)0 20 40 60 80
Leaf
num
ber o
n th
e m
aint
iller
0
4
8
12
16500 pl m-2
3000 pl m-2
10000 pl m-2
40000 pl m-2
Transplanting 35 days after sowing
main fieldnursery
Leaf emergence was similar before and after transplanting whatever the seed density
Plant response to seed density
High seed density in the nursery affected leaf emergenceNo transplanting shock was observed on leaf emergence
- variety IR72- same sowing date and plant density after transplanting
Leaf emergence was affected in the nursery if high density
Days after sowing (days)0 30 60 90 120 150Pr
oduc
tive
tille
r num
ber p
er p
lant
0
5
10
15
20
500 pl m-2
3000 pl m-2
10000 pl m-2
40000 pl m-2
Transplanting 35 days after sowing
main fieldnursery
Plant response to seed density
-Tiller emergence resumed right after transplanting whatever the density
I1
- Tiller emergence was delayed as soon as 14 DAS if density as high as 3000 seeds m-2 in the nursery
High seed density in the nursery affected tiller emergenceTransplanting allowed tiller emergence to resume
- variety IR72- same sowing date and plant density after transplanting
- Tiller emergence was delayedif extended stay in the nursery
Plant response to transplanting agePr
oduc
tive
tille
r num
ber
per p
lant
0
5
10
15
20
25
7 DAS21 DAS35 DAS
Days after sowing 0 40 80 120
Shoo
t dry
wei
ght
(g p
lt-1)
0
10
20
30
Transplanting age: 7, 21 and 35 days (3, 7 and 11 leaf stage) Nursery density: 3000 seeds m-2
Growth and development resumed right after transplanting
- Shoot dry weight was delayedif extended stay in the nurseryand resumed thereafter
- variety IR72- same sowing date and plant density after transplanting
- Tiller emergence resumedright after transplanting whatever the transplanting age
• Low seed rate in the nursery and early transplanting did not delay leaf and tiller emergence and shoot dry weight increase
• No transplanting shock was observed– Recovery in tiller emergence was observed right
after transplanting, whatever the seed density and transplanting age were
– Leaf emergence was not affected by transplanting• Is there any positive effect on grain yield?
Plant response to nursery management
Prod
uctiv
e til
ler n
umbe
r pe
r pla
nt
0
5
10
15
20
25
7 DAS21 DAS35 DAS
Days after sowing 0 40 80 120
Shoo
t dry
wei
ght
(g p
lt-1)
0
10
20
30
Transplanting age: 7, 21 and 35 days (3, 7 and 11 leaf stage)Nursery density: 3000 seeds m-2, hill spacing 20 x 20 cm
Grain Yield (t ha-1)
Mean S.E
7 DAS 4.06 0.02
21 DAS 3.98 0.38
35 DAS 3.11 0.31
IRRI, late wet season- same climate conditions- same plant density- optimal nitrogen management
Yield increase with early transplanting
IR72
Prod
uctiv
e til
ler n
umbe
r pe
r pla
nt
0
5
10
15
20
257 DAS21 DAS35 DAS
Days after sowing 0 40 80 120
Shoo
t dry
wei
ght
(g p
lt-1)
0
10
20
30
Transplanting age: 7, 21 and 35 days (3, 7 and 11 leaf stage)Nursery density: 10000 seeds m-2 , hill spacing 20 x 20 cm
Grain Yield (t ha-1)
Mean S.E
7 DAS 4.40 0.12
21 DAS 3.86 0.30
35 DAS 2.95 0.29
IRRI, late wet season- same climate conditions- same plant density after transplanting- optimal nitrogen management
IR72
Yield increase with early transplanting
transplanted 7 days after
sowing
transplanted 21 days after
sowing
transplanted 14 days after
sowing
IR72 in the main field, 34 days after sowing
for all 3 situations
Transplanting, hill spacing 20 x 20 cm
Yield increase with early transplanting
Grain Yield (t ha-1)
Mean S.E
7 days transplanting 6.99 0.12
14 days transplanting 6.34 0.08
21 days transplanting 6.06 0.11
Prod
uctiv
e til
ler n
umbe
r pe
r pla
nt
0
10
20
30
407 DAS14 DAS21 DAS
Days after sowing 0 40 80 120
Shoo
t dry
wei
ght
(g p
lt-1)
0
20
40
60
IRRI, dry season- same climate conditions- same plant density after transplanting- optimal nitrogen management
IR72
Transplanting age: 7, 14 and 21 days (3, 5 and 7 leaf stage)Nursery density: 3000 seeds m-2 , hill spacing 20 x 20 cm
Yield increase with early transplanting
Grain Yield (t ha-1)
Mean S.E
7 days transplanting 7.75 0.05
14 days transplanting 6.98 0.06
21 days transplanting 6.97 0.03
Prod
uctiv
e til
ler n
umbe
r pe
r pla
nt
0
10
20
30
40
7 DAS14 DAS21 DAS
Days after sowing 0 40 80 120
Shoo
t dry
wei
ght
(g p
lt-1)
0
30
60Hybrid rice
Transplanting age: 7, 14 and 21 days (3, 5 and 7 leaf stage)Nursery density: 3000 seeds m-2 , hill spacing 20 x 20 cm
IRRI, dry season- same climate conditions- same plant density after transplanting- optimal nitrogen management
Yield increase with early transplanting
Grain yield (t ha-1)
Dry season IR72 Hybrid1 Hybrid2
Mean S.E Mean S.E Mean S.E
7 DAT 6.99 0.12 7.75 0.05 7.58 0.02
14 DAT 6.34 0.08 6.98 0.06 6.81 0.07
21 DAT 6.06 0.11 6.97 0.03 6.99 0.05
Wet season IR72 Hybrid1 NPT
7 DAT 5.28 0.05 6.58 0.11 4.55 0.13
14 DAT 5.10 0.03 5.98 0.07 4.61 0.04
21 DAT 5.14 0.05 5.86 0.03 2.59 0.25
Transplanting age: 7, 14 and 21 days (3, 5 and 7 leaf stage)Nursery density: 3000 seeds m-2 , hill spacing 20 x 20 cm
Response valid for a range of genotypes and seasons
Yield increase with early transplanting
Tiller mortality rate
Dry season IR72 Hybrid 1 Hybrid 2
Mean S.E Mean S.E Mean S.E
7 DAT 0.43 0.04 0.39 0.04 0.32 0.03
14 DAT 0.31 0.04 0.26 0.02 0.19 0.03
21 DAT 0.25 0.02 0.23 0.02 0.34 0.04
Wet season IR72 Hybrid 1 NPT
7 DAT 0.51 0.03 0.43 0.04 0.46 0.02
14 DAT 0.50 0.03 0.35 0.04 0.39 0.04
21 DAT 0.44 0.03 0.27 0.05 0.31 0.08
Transplanting age: 7, 14 and 21 days (3, 5 and 7 leaf stage)Nursery density: 3000 seeds m-2 , hill spacing 20 x 20 cm
Response associated with higher tiller mortality rate
Yield increase with early transplanting
Wet-bed Mat nursery
Seedling tray Dapog
Plant response to nursery type
Grain Yield (t ha-1)
Mean S.E
ST14 7.59 0.03
WB14 6.98 0.06
MN14 7.69 0.04
DP14 7.03 0.04
Prod
uctiv
e til
ler n
umbe
r pe
r pla
nt
0
10
20
30STWBMNDP
Days after sowing 0 40 80 120
Shoo
t dry
wei
ght
(g p
lt-1)
0
30
60
Hybrid rice
Plant response to nursery typeIRRI, dry season- same climate conditions- same plant density in nursery and field- same transplanting age- same nitrogen management
Grain yield (t ha-1)
Dry season IR72 Hybrid 1 Hybrid 2
Mean S.E Mean S.E Mean S.E
ST14 6.55 0.03 7.59 0.03 6.98 0.01
WB14 6.34 0.08 6.98 0.06 6.81 0.07
MN14 6.54 0.04 7.69 0.04 6.91 0.04
DP14 6.39 0.18 7.03 0.04 6.78 0.04
Wet season IR72 Hybrid 1 NPT
ST14 5.26 0.11 6.29 0.03 4.45 0.07
WB14 5.10 0.03 5.98 0.07 4.61 0.04
MN14 5.02 0.08 6.08 0.02 4.90 0.07
Plant response to nursery type
• Early transplanting induced a significant increase in grain yield (up to 1 t ha-1 in some conditions)– due to earlier tiller and leaf area production– valid for contrasted genotypes and growing conditions
• Early transplanting shall promote a significant reduction in nursery area– as long as the seed rate in the nursery is increased
Plant response to nursery management
• One specific nursery type might be genotype specific and did not have a significant impact on grain yield– as long as the different types were compared
with the same transplanting age, same seed rate in the nursery and same climate conditions
• Higher grain yield was associated with a higher tiller mortality rate (in response to early transplanting)
Plant response to nursery management
H1 H3 I1 N1
Method mean se mean se mean se mean se
Transplanting 9.02 0.45 8.28 0.16 6.06 0.10 8.01 0.34
Broadcasting 7.63 0.41 9.24 0.29 6.72 0.26 7.15 0.53
Row seeding 7.71 0.22 8.44 0.30 6.71 0.20 7.62 0.24
Hill sowing 8.25 0.20 8.18 0.42 6.70 0.11 7.32 0.19
Comparison of grain yield between transplanting and direct-seeding
H1 H3 I1 N1
Method mean se mean se mean se mean se
Transplanting 0.59 0.02 0.63 0.01 0.68 0.02 0.62 0.02
Broadcasting 0.69 0.02 0.69 0.04 0.77 0.02 0.71 0.02
Row seeding 0.68 0.05 0.65 0.03 0.75 0.03 0.69 0.01
Hill sowing 0.68 0.01 0.70 0.03 0.73 0.03 0.64 0.00
Comparison of tiller mortality rate between transplanting and direct-seeding