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7-1: Becoming a World
Power, 1865-1917
Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the
United States into a position of international power while
renewing domestic debates over the nation’s proper role in
the world.
Territorial Acquisitions
Alaska, 1867
Seward’s folly
Abundance of natural resources
Hawaii, 1890s
Military interests—Pearl Harbor obtained
U.S. business interests—sugar
Overthrow of Hawaiian monarchy
U.S. annexation, 1898
Foreign Affairs: Europe and Latin America
The French in Mexico
Role of the Civil War
Monroe Doctrine invoked
Pan-Americanism
Political/economic cooperation
between North and South
American nations
Venezuela
U.S.-British agreement over claims
in South America
Leads to realignment of the U.S.
and Britain
“New Imperialism”
International Darwinism
Politicians
Expansionists followed example of European imperialism in Africa
Business/political interest in raw materials and new markets
Justified through economic opportunities, racial theories, and competition with other empires
“New Imperialism”
International Darwinism
Missionaries
Imperialism included idea of moral improvement
“White Man’s Burden”
Naval Power
Mahan—control of seas the key to world dominance
Media
Yellow journalism—sensational
stories of exotic places
Stimulated demand for U.S. involvement around the world
“New Imperialism”
Anti-Imperialism
Cited principles of self-determination
American tradition of isolationism
Spanish-American War, 1898
Causes of the War
Cuban Revolt
Sinking of the Maine
De Lome Letter
Yellow Press
Teller Amendment—”Cuba Libre”
Fighting the War
The Philippines
Invasion of Cuba
Quick and decisive U.S. victory
Spanish-American War, 1898
Controversy over the Treaty of Peace
Territorial Acquisitions—Puerto Rico,
Guam, Philippines
The Philippines Question
Desire to annex Philippines stemmed from desire to promote U.S. interests in Asia
Filipino rebellion
Formation of American Anti-Imperialist League
Cuba and the Platt Amendment
Cuba given quasi-independence
Acquisition of Guantanamo Bay
U.S. protectorate
Spanish-American War, 1898
Other Results of the War
Insular Cases
Are Filipino people citizens?
W.J. Bryan—yes, protected by Constitution
Imperialists and Supreme Court—no
Election of 1900
McKinley (R) resounding win over Bryan (D)
Affirms imperialist sentiments
China
Open Door Policy
Defeat at hands of Japan
“Spheres of influence”
Sec. of State Hay—“Open door”
by which all nations have equal
trading privileges
Protection of U.S. interests
Boxer Rebellion
Rise of Chinese
nationalists/xenophobia
U.S. participation in international
force
Theodore Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy
Panama Canal
Viewed European efforts a violation
of Monroe Doctrine
Panamanian Revolution to make
deal for canal
Roosevelt Corollary
Background—Caribbean nations’
debt defaults to European banks
U.S. to assume “international police
power” to enforce Monroe Doctrine
in Latin America
Expansion of U.S. role in Latin
America
Theodore Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy
East Asia
Russo-Japanese War treaty
“Gentlemen’s Agreement”
Fewer Japanese immigrants
Fair treatment in the U.S.
Great White Fleet
Root-Takahira Agreement
Respect of Pacific possessions
Support for Open Door policy
William Taft and Dollar Diplomacy
East Asia and Latin America
Use economic investments to
bolster American foreign policy
and create greater stability in
those regions
Unsuccessful—often undermined
by anti-imperialists
Woodrow Wilson and Foreign Affairs
Moral Diplomacy
Denounced imperialism and Dollar
Diplomacy
Advocated capitalist democracies
throughout the world
Military Intervention
Veracruz occupation
Pancho Villa and the American
Expeditionary Force
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