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Cementing Additives
Module CF204
15 Sep 99
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Well Conditions
PROBLEM
Well controlover pressure andweak formations
Temperature
Permeable formations
Mud removalFriction pressureMixability/Pumpability
Lost circulation
Ano!m"l "nd spe#i"li$ed #onditions%Heat retrogressionFoamersFoamtc!
"ensity
T#ickening time
Fluid $tability
Fluid loss control
Plugging/%ridging properties"ensity
Hydration product$tabili&ed foam capabilityFoaming tendency
SL&RR' PARAME(ER
'#eology
xtendersWeig#ting agents
(ccelerators'etarders
FL()
"ispersants*elling (gents
$ilicaFoaming agent +stabili&ers(nti foamers
L)Mxtenders
A))*(*+E CA(E,OR'
SOL&(*O-S
{
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Cementing additives Accelerators and retarders
Change thickening time
Alter rate of compressive strength development Extenders
Reduce slurry density
Increase slurry yield
Weighting agents
Increase slurry densityDispersants
Improve mud removal
Improve mixability reduced !ater slurries
Reduce friction pressure "#o!er ty and $v%
&luid #oss Control #ost Circulation 'aterial "#C'%
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Cement Additives Accelerators and RetardersChange thickening time
Alter rate of compressive strength development
ExtendersReduce slurry densityIncrease slurry yield
Weighting AgentsIncrease density
DispersantsImprove mud removalImprove mixabilityReduce friction pressure
&luid #oss Control #ost Circulation 'aterial
(pecialty:Antifoamdefoamer agents)onding agentsExpansive additives*as migration control additives+ e
-hixotropic systems
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Antifoam AgentsWhy use antifoam agents .
$revent slurry gelation
$revent pump cavitation
Allo! true slurry density to be mixed and pumped
-o be e/ective they must0 )e insoluble in the foaming 1uid
)e more surface active than the foaming 1uid
'echanism of action0 (pread on foam surface !ith lo!er surface tension
Enter foam reducing 2lm and causing rupture
-ypes of antifoam agents $olyglycol ethers (olid 0 D34 "5,6 lbsk%
#i7uid 0 D38 "5,59 : 5,58 galsk% (ilicones #i7uid 0 D;33 "5,5; : 5,56galsk%
#i7uid 0 '39 "5,59 galsk%
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Conductor pipe $revents !ashing out under rig
Customer !ants short rig do!ntime =aCl "D33% ?:9@ =eat Cement > CaCl6 "(;% 6:3@
=eat cement > sea!ater
Cemented !ith stab:in or ust driven
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AcceleratorsBsed to shorten stages I and II and to accelerate stages III and I :
hydration of main cement phases is increased plus a change in the C:
(: gel structureCan be used to o/set retarding e/ects of other additives
(; : CaCl6 : ; to 3@)WC
Check type of CaCl6: (; is 88@ pure
Disolution in !ater is exothermic "see 2eld data handbook page 855,553%
D33 : =aCl : F;5@)WW(ea!ater
Check consistency : near river mouths
D88 : CaCl6 in li7uid form : 5,6 to 5,3 gps
ARC-IC (E- &or #o! -emperature
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(odium Chloride
(imeto!e"#.100B#
Slu!!/#onsisten#/.!
Sodium C.lo!ide )44 "s "n "##ele!"to!
,ot very efficient (cts as an accelerator - .0 %W1W Preferred range is 2 3 4 0 %W1W
13F 5C
154F3C
169F 1C
210F 99C
3
4
2
00 5 10 15 20 25 0
-"Cl *- M*7 8A(ER B8O8
E::e#t o: tempe!"tu!e%
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(urface CasingsBnconsolidated Gones
#o! -emperatures "=e! challenge indeep ( : temperature very lo!%
#arge volumes of slurry
#ight !eight slurries
(trong slurry at shoeExtended lead slurries !ith neat tail+
e,g,0
Prehydrated bentonite 2-3% 12.8 ppg
Neat cement + 0.5-1% S1 15.8ppg
2/3 ead - 1/3 tai ann!!" height
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(lurry Density
C;A-,*-, OF SL&RR' )E-S*('
L*,;(ER
MORE8A(ER%
&orm viscous+ gelatinous silicate gel
: Capable of binding extra !ater
: #o! free !ater separation
#o! rheologies for turbulent 1o!
)etter properties and mixing than bentonite slurries
)etter compressive strength than bentonite slurries =o inherent 1uid:loss control "use D;;6 AC%
Relatively lo! concentrations re7uired
Ca : (ilicate formed acts as accelerator
Bse D;;5 "or D;5H% retarders : be!are of $D
D8H+ (DIB' 'E-A(I#ICA-E : dryD89+ (DIB' (I#ICA-E : li7uid
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#ight!eight Aggregates $#A=(0 Diatomaceous Earth "D4;+ D456% J &ly Ash" D?9%
React !ith calcium hydroxide in cement
Corrosion brine resistance #o! permeability-hermal resistance
K#I-E "D36% and *I#(=I-E "D63%0 Coal "D36% and Asphalt "D63% based materials E/ective lost circulation materials "*ranular% Kolite "D36% is inert
EL$A=DED $ER#I-E "D86% Inert material : does not a/ect thickening times =ormally add 6 : 4@ )WC bentonite to prevent 1oatation *ives reduced cement permeability )ridging action at higher concentrations
'ICR(I#ICA "(ilica &ume+ D;93+ D;99%0 $oGGolanic material *ood slurry properties "Increase Rc%
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Bltra #ight!eight Extenders
Ceramic microspheres+ #I-E&I# D;63 "#imit9555 psi%
Ceramic or glass microspheres
Inert
Density range0 M,9 lbgal to ;3,9 lbgal
&oamed cement systems
=itrogen inected into slurry !ith foamer
ery lo! densities achieved N 4,5 lbgal *ood mechanical properties
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Intermediate CasingsWorkable sections
;? ?MO over ?555 feet deepften 6 stage cementing
#o! cost
Extended lead and neat tail+ e,g,0
$rehydrated bentonite 6:?@
D89 5,6M gps > ;@ (;
;9,M ppg tail slurries
All slurries to be retarded
Can have some 1uid loss control
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ydration of Cement
*= PRE ? *-)&C(*O- PER*O)
**= *-)&C(*O- PER*O)
***= ACCELERA(*O- PER*O)
*+= )ECELERA(*O- PER*O)
+= )*FF&S*O- PER*O)
* ** *** *+ +
min #r days
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(-A*E( ; and 60 $re Induction and Induction
$eriods
SO4C"
Al O; C" Si
E((R*-,*(E
C ? S ? ; ,el
PRO(EC(*+E LA'ERS S(OPS REAC(*O-S DDDD ? P&MP*-, (*ME
Se#onds
;ou!s
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Retardation of cement slurries Applications
Intermediate and production strings (7ueeGe and cement plugs
igh temperature and depth
Chemical Classes of retarders
#ignosulphonates "D;?+ DM;+ DM55+ DM5;% ydroxycarboxylic acids "D;5H+ D;;5%
Inorganic compounds "DH?+ D83%
Cellulose derivatives "D55M%
)lended retarders "D6M+ D;95+ D;6;%
")lend of above components% (ugar is also a cement retarder
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'echanisms of Retardation &actors a/ecting mechanism of action
Chemical nature of retarder
Chemical composition of cement
Retarders 0 -heories of mechanism of action Adsorption theory
$recipitation theory
=ucleation theory
Complexation theory
$ossible negative e/ects on slurries *elation
Dispersion
Increased 1uid loss
Incompatibility (lo!s the development of the compressive strength "D56M%
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'echanisms of Retardation Adsorption theory
Adsorbtion of Retarder on to Cement (urfaces to Inhibit
Contact !ith Water and 'ake the (urfaces ydrophobic 'odify C( *el to 'ake it #ess $ermeable
$recipitation theory Ca and react !ith Retarder to $recipitate an
Impermeable #ayer
=ucleation theory Retarder Adsorbs to $oison =ucleation and *ro!th (ites
Complexation theory Retarder Complexes !ith Ca to 'inimise the Driving &orce
for Reaction and $revent &ormation of =ucleation (ites
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Cement Retarders
)1)1
)1)1 it. )ispe!s"nt
)00)01
)00)01 it. )9L10
)110)110 it. )9L10
)2)150
)2)150 it. )121
)2)150 it. )9
)64
)131
B;C( oFRet"!de! 100 200 00 400
140
100 15
125 250
250 10
00165
00 65
220 00
5000
40000
100 140
450250
100
F!es. Se" 6
-"Cl
7
7
7
7
77
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
77
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
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&luid #oss in Cement (lurriesDe2nition0
&iltrate "a7ueous solution% lost to the formation &ilter cake deposited at formation face
Cement particles left in annulus
Why cement loses !ater0
Di/erential pressure
$ermeable medium "formation%
Watercement ratio N hydration needs
&luid loss stages0
Dynamic 1uid loss
(tatic 1uid loss
E/ect of &luid #oss on (lurry
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E/ect of &luid #oss on (lurry
$roperties
Slu!!/ /ield
Settling
Pl"sti# vis#osit/
'ield point
-hickening time and yield point versus !aterconcentration
Damage to some formations by 2ltrate
*as migration through thick 2lter cake and throughpoor 7uality cement
ther properties0
F!ee "te!
(.i#ening time
Bonding
Bul S.!in"ge
Mud !emov"l e::i#ien#/
RE)&CE) *-CREASE)
;/d!ost"ti# psi:t
Slu!!/ densit/
Comp!essive st!engt.
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-hickening -ime versus Density
(;*CAE-*-,(*ME
'*EL)+AL&E
1
30
40
13=415=3
(.i#Eening(imemin
'ield+"lu
e
Slu!!/ )ensit/ ppg
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Additives for &luid #oss Control $articulate ACs
D65+ D455+ D;?3 #atex AC D455 "'-+AD+#%+ D;?3
Water (oluble $olymers Cellulose Derivative D45+ D9H"'-+=D+(%+ D;;6 "'-+#D+(% =on:Ionic (ynthetic $olymer D;9H"#-:'-+AD+#%+ D;45 "#-:'-+AD+(%
Anionic (ynthetic $olymer D45? "'-+=D+#%+ D;3?+ D;9M "'-:-+D+#%+ D;94"#-+AD+(%
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Dispersants !ith ACs
Me#."nism o: "#tion
)ispe!se #ement g!"ins "nd imp!ove p"#ing ??G !edu#ed pe!me"ilit/
Flo##ul"te s"lt ???G plugging "#tion
8*(;O&( )*SPERSA-( 8*(; )*SPERSA-(F5LT' )(6
RA-)OM PAC*-,
;*,; PERMEAB*L*('
OR)ERE) PAC*-,
LO8 PERMEAB*L*('
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Acceptable &luid #oss #imits
-ypical alues0 "A$I+ ;555 psi% $revention of gas channeling ?5 : 95 ml?5 min
#iner cementing F 95 ml?5 min
Casing cementing 655 : N?55 ml?5min
oriGontal !ell cementing F 95 ml?5 min &or s7ueeGe cementing
&ormation !ith K F ; md 655 ml?5 min
&ormation !ith K N ; md F;55 md ;55 : 655
ml?5 min &ormation !ith K N ;55 md ?9 : ;55 ml?5
min
igh density slurries0 F 95 ml?5 min
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$roduction Casings Isolate production Gones
(mall diameter casings
Cost less important
*ood bonding
Bsually has 1uid losscontrol
#o! friction pressures'ud removal is important
;9,M ppg or more slurries
All slurries to be retarded
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Dispersants ement "!rry rheoogy
!eo!" pha"e rheoogy
hange ith di"per"ant" #hy di"per"ant" A
Bed!ce ,i"co"ity and yied point ?!rb!ent Co ea"ier to achie,e &ompanie" ie
cement in t!rb!ent Co or iner"(
Bed!ce riction pre""!re"
@mpro,e cement "!rry mi$abiity &oer ?y(
Bed!ced ater "!rrie" &den"ity !p to 18.0 b/ga( @mpro,e eDciency o C!id o"" additi,e"
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Dispersants
?ype":
S!perpa"ticier"
)5
)80 - )80>
)07 - )0 >7
)15> &the ony one or )300 to or(
Pa"ticier"
igno"!phonate"
ement retarder" &)13 * ) 81 * )800* )801(
7!d ?hinner"
=rganic "at" and acid"
)5* )121
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Dispersant Action
POL'CEME-(
C2S;? HC" H ? 0S
C2S;? HC" H ? 0S
)*SPERSA-(MOLEC&LE
Amount o: dispe!s"nt "dso!ed depends on #on#ent!"tionCement g!"in su!:"#es e#ome uni:o!ml/ neg"tivel/Alie signs !epel one "not.e! ???G dispe!sion
SO
SO
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(lurry Density
LESS
8A(ER
C;A-,*-, OF SL&RR' )E-S*('
L*,;(ER ;EA+*ER
MORE8A(ERB@?6 .220.02 ga/b) ;67>?@?6 .5 0.0023 ga/b &)0 676N? 3.200.052 ga/b(
)15 7angane"e = &7n3 =( 7gtetrao$ide
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(trength Retrogression
>bo,e 230o
';S? !n"tabiied cement i!ndergo:
> red!ction in "trength
>n increa"e in permeabiity
)!e to "tr!ct!ra change in -S-; ge
Pre,ented by the addition o 30 - 0% '#=
"iica red!ce" /S ratio o -S-; ge(
D?5 (ilica (and J D44 (ilica
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D?5 (ilica (and J D44 (ilica&lour
P"!ti#le si$e?&S Mes.
Add= 8"te!
Spe#i:i# g!"vit/
Appli#"tions%
;ig. densit/
Lo densit/
Settling P!olems
Mi@ing P!olemsR.eolog/
&se "ove 00F
-AME)0 )33
S*L*CA SA-) S*L*CA FLO&R
60 ? 200
I101=12 g"ls
2=3
P!e:e!!ed
Alte!n"tive
Alte!n"tive
P!e:e!!ed
Alte!n"tive
Alte!n"tive
P!e:e!!ed
P!e:e!!ed
Alte!n"tive
P!e:e!!ed
G 200
H 121=4 g"ls
2=3
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Antisettling Agent D;9?
Controls free !ater andor sedimentation
Compatible !ith all Do!ell products andcements
=o signi2cant e/ects on slurry properties+
except rheologyDry:blend or prehydrated "preferred%+ fresh or
sea !ater
-emperature range0 up to ?56 & ";95 C%
Concentration range0 5,; to ;,9@)WC"depending on density%
Recommended