4- Cementing Additives CL Jun-00-A

7/24/2019 4- Cementing Additives CL Jun-00-A

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Cementing Additives

Module CF204

15 Sep 99


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Well Conditions

PROBLEM

Well controlover pressure andweak formations

Temperature

Permeable formations

Mud removalFriction pressureMixability/Pumpability

Lost circulation

Ano!m"l "nd spe#i"li$ed #onditions%Heat retrogressionFoamersFoamtc!

"ensity

T#ickening time

Fluid $tability

Fluid loss control

Plugging/%ridging properties"ensity

Hydration product$tabili&ed foam capabilityFoaming tendency

SL&RR' PARAME(ER

'#eology

xtendersWeig#ting agents

(ccelerators'etarders

FL()

"ispersants*elling (gents

$ilicaFoaming agent +stabili&ers(nti foamers

L)Mxtenders

A))*(*+E CA(E,OR'

SOL&(*O-S

{


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Cementing additives Accelerators and retarders

Change thickening time

Alter rate of compressive strength development Extenders

Reduce slurry density

Increase slurry yield

Weighting agents

Increase slurry densityDispersants

Improve mud removal

Improve mixability reduced !ater slurries

Reduce friction pressure "#o!er ty and $v%

&luid #oss Control #ost Circulation 'aterial "#C'%


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Cement Additives Accelerators and RetardersChange thickening time

Alter rate of compressive strength development

ExtendersReduce slurry densityIncrease slurry yield

Weighting AgentsIncrease density

DispersantsImprove mud removalImprove mixabilityReduce friction pressure

&luid #oss Control #ost Circulation 'aterial

(pecialty:Antifoamdefoamer agents)onding agentsExpansive additives*as migration control additives+ e

-hixotropic systems


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Antifoam AgentsWhy use antifoam agents .

$revent slurry gelation

$revent pump cavitation

Allo! true slurry density to be mixed and pumped

-o be e/ective they must0 )e insoluble in the foaming 1uid

)e more surface active than the foaming 1uid

'echanism of action0 (pread on foam surface !ith lo!er surface tension

Enter foam reducing 2lm and causing rupture

-ypes of antifoam agents $olyglycol ethers (olid 0 D34 "5,6 lbsk%

#i7uid 0 D38 "5,59 : 5,58 galsk% (ilicones #i7uid 0 D;33 "5,5; : 5,56galsk%

#i7uid 0 '39 "5,59 galsk%


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Conductor pipe $revents !ashing out under rig

Customer !ants short rig do!ntime =aCl "D33% ?:9@ =eat Cement > CaCl6 "(;% 6:3@

=eat cement > sea!ater

Cemented !ith stab:in or ust driven


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AcceleratorsBsed to shorten stages I and II and to accelerate stages III and I :

hydration of main cement phases is increased plus a change in the C:

(: gel structureCan be used to o/set retarding e/ects of other additives

(; : CaCl6 : ; to 3@)WC

Check type of CaCl6: (; is 88@ pure

Disolution in !ater is exothermic "see 2eld data handbook page 855,553%

D33 : =aCl : F;5@)WW(ea!ater

Check consistency : near river mouths

D88 : CaCl6 in li7uid form : 5,6 to 5,3 gps

ARC-IC (E- &or #o! -emperature


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(odium Chloride

(imeto!e"#.100B#

Slu!!/#onsisten#/.!

Sodium C.lo!ide )44 "s "n "##ele!"to!

,ot very efficient (cts as an accelerator - .0 %W1W Preferred range is 2 3 4 0 %W1W

13F 5C

154F3C

169F 1C

210F 99C

3

4

2

00 5 10 15 20 25 0

-"Cl *- M*7 8A(ER B8O8

E::e#t o: tempe!"tu!e%


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(urface CasingsBnconsolidated Gones

#o! -emperatures "=e! challenge indeep ( : temperature very lo!%

#arge volumes of slurry

#ight !eight slurries

(trong slurry at shoeExtended lead slurries !ith neat tail+

e,g,0

Prehydrated bentonite 2-3% 12.8 ppg

Neat cement + 0.5-1% S1 15.8ppg

2/3 ead - 1/3 tai ann!!" height


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(lurry Density

C;A-,*-, OF SL&RR' )E-S*('

L*,;(ER

MORE8A(ER%

&orm viscous+ gelatinous silicate gel

: Capable of binding extra !ater

: #o! free !ater separation

#o! rheologies for turbulent 1o!

)etter properties and mixing than bentonite slurries

)etter compressive strength than bentonite slurries =o inherent 1uid:loss control "use D;;6 AC%

Relatively lo! concentrations re7uired

Ca : (ilicate formed acts as accelerator

Bse D;;5 "or D;5H% retarders : be!are of $D

D8H+ (DIB' 'E-A(I#ICA-E : dryD89+ (DIB' (I#ICA-E : li7uid


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#ight!eight Aggregates $#A=(0 Diatomaceous Earth "D4;+ D456% J &ly Ash" D?9%

React !ith calcium hydroxide in cement

Corrosion brine resistance #o! permeability-hermal resistance

K#I-E "D36% and *I#(=I-E "D63%0 Coal "D36% and Asphalt "D63% based materials E/ective lost circulation materials "*ranular% Kolite "D36% is inert

EL$A=DED $ER#I-E "D86% Inert material : does not a/ect thickening times =ormally add 6 : 4@ )WC bentonite to prevent 1oatation *ives reduced cement permeability )ridging action at higher concentrations

'ICR(I#ICA "(ilica &ume+ D;93+ D;99%0 $oGGolanic material *ood slurry properties "Increase Rc%


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Bltra #ight!eight Extenders

Ceramic microspheres+ #I-E&I# D;63 "#imit9555 psi%

Ceramic or glass microspheres

Inert

Density range0 M,9 lbgal to ;3,9 lbgal

&oamed cement systems

=itrogen inected into slurry !ith foamer

ery lo! densities achieved N 4,5 lbgal *ood mechanical properties


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Intermediate CasingsWorkable sections

;? ?MO over ?555 feet deepften 6 stage cementing

#o! cost

Extended lead and neat tail+ e,g,0

$rehydrated bentonite 6:?@

D89 5,6M gps > ;@ (;

;9,M ppg tail slurries

All slurries to be retarded

Can have some 1uid loss control


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ydration of Cement

*= PRE ? *-)&C(*O- PER*O)

**= *-)&C(*O- PER*O)

***= ACCELERA(*O- PER*O)

*+= )ECELERA(*O- PER*O)

+= )*FF&S*O- PER*O)

* ** *** *+ +

min #r days


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(-A*E( ; and 60 $re Induction and Induction

$eriods

SO4C"

Al O; C" Si

E((R*-,*(E

C ? S ? ; ,el

PRO(EC(*+E LA'ERS S(OPS REAC(*O-S DDDD ? P&MP*-, (*ME

Se#onds

;ou!s


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Retardation of cement slurries Applications

Intermediate and production strings (7ueeGe and cement plugs

igh temperature and depth

Chemical Classes of retarders

#ignosulphonates "D;?+ DM;+ DM55+ DM5;% ydroxycarboxylic acids "D;5H+ D;;5%

Inorganic compounds "DH?+ D83%

Cellulose derivatives "D55M%

)lended retarders "D6M+ D;95+ D;6;%

")lend of above components% (ugar is also a cement retarder


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'echanisms of Retardation &actors a/ecting mechanism of action

Chemical nature of retarder

Chemical composition of cement

Retarders 0 -heories of mechanism of action Adsorption theory

$recipitation theory

=ucleation theory

Complexation theory

$ossible negative e/ects on slurries *elation

Dispersion

Increased 1uid loss

Incompatibility (lo!s the development of the compressive strength "D56M%


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'echanisms of Retardation Adsorption theory

Adsorbtion of Retarder on to Cement (urfaces to Inhibit

Contact !ith Water and 'ake the (urfaces ydrophobic 'odify C( *el to 'ake it #ess $ermeable

$recipitation theory Ca and react !ith Retarder to $recipitate an

Impermeable #ayer

=ucleation theory Retarder Adsorbs to $oison =ucleation and *ro!th (ites

Complexation theory Retarder Complexes !ith Ca to 'inimise the Driving &orce

for Reaction and $revent &ormation of =ucleation (ites


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Cement Retarders

)1)1

)1)1 it. )ispe!s"nt

)00)01

)00)01 it. )9L10

)110)110 it. )9L10

)2)150

)2)150 it. )121

)2)150 it. )9

)64

)131

B;C( oFRet"!de! 100 200 00 400

140

100 15

125 250

250 10

00165

00 65

220 00

5000

40000

100 140

450250

100

F!es. Se" 6

-"Cl

7

7

7

7

77

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

77

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7


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&luid #oss in Cement (lurriesDe2nition0

&iltrate "a7ueous solution% lost to the formation &ilter cake deposited at formation face

Cement particles left in annulus

Why cement loses !ater0

Di/erential pressure

$ermeable medium "formation%

Watercement ratio N hydration needs

&luid loss stages0

Dynamic 1uid loss

(tatic 1uid loss

E/ect of &luid #oss on (lurry


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E/ect of &luid #oss on (lurry

$roperties

Slu!!/ /ield

Settling

Pl"sti# vis#osit/

'ield point

-hickening time and yield point versus !aterconcentration

Damage to some formations by 2ltrate

*as migration through thick 2lter cake and throughpoor 7uality cement

ther properties0

F!ee "te!

(.i#ening time

Bonding

Bul S.!in"ge

Mud !emov"l e::i#ien#/

RE)&CE) *-CREASE)

;/d!ost"ti# psi:t

Slu!!/ densit/

Comp!essive st!engt.


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-hickening -ime versus Density

(;*CAE-*-,(*ME

'*EL)+AL&E

1

30

40

13=415=3

(.i#Eening(imemin

'ield+"lu

e

Slu!!/ )ensit/ ppg


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Additives for &luid #oss Control $articulate ACs

D65+ D455+ D;?3 #atex AC D455 "'-+AD+#%+ D;?3

Water (oluble $olymers Cellulose Derivative D45+ D9H"'-+=D+(%+ D;;6 "'-+#D+(% =on:Ionic (ynthetic $olymer D;9H"#-:'-+AD+#%+ D;45 "#-:'-+AD+(%

Anionic (ynthetic $olymer D45? "'-+=D+#%+ D;3?+ D;9M "'-:-+D+#%+ D;94"#-+AD+(%


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Dispersants !ith ACs

Me#."nism o: "#tion

)ispe!se #ement g!"ins "nd imp!ove p"#ing ??G !edu#ed pe!me"ilit/

Flo##ul"te s"lt ???G plugging "#tion

8*(;O&( )*SPERSA-( 8*(; )*SPERSA-(F5LT' )(6

RA-)OM PAC*-,

;*,; PERMEAB*L*('

OR)ERE) PAC*-,

LO8 PERMEAB*L*('


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Acceptable &luid #oss #imits

-ypical alues0 "A$I+ ;555 psi% $revention of gas channeling ?5 : 95 ml?5 min

#iner cementing F 95 ml?5 min

Casing cementing 655 : N?55 ml?5min

oriGontal !ell cementing F 95 ml?5 min &or s7ueeGe cementing

&ormation !ith K F ; md 655 ml?5 min

&ormation !ith K N ; md F;55 md ;55 : 655

ml?5 min &ormation !ith K N ;55 md ?9 : ;55 ml?5

min

igh density slurries0 F 95 ml?5 min


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$roduction Casings Isolate production Gones

(mall diameter casings

Cost less important

*ood bonding

Bsually has 1uid losscontrol

#o! friction pressures'ud removal is important

;9,M ppg or more slurries

All slurries to be retarded


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Dispersants ement "!rry rheoogy

!eo!" pha"e rheoogy

hange ith di"per"ant" #hy di"per"ant" A

Bed!ce ,i"co"ity and yied point ?!rb!ent Co ea"ier to achie,e &ompanie" ie

cement in t!rb!ent Co or iner"(

Bed!ce riction pre""!re"

@mpro,e cement "!rry mi$abiity &oer ?y(

Bed!ced ater "!rrie" &den"ity !p to 18.0 b/ga( @mpro,e eDciency o C!id o"" additi,e"


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Dispersants

?ype":

S!perpa"ticier"

)5

)80 - )80>

)07 - )0 >7

)15> &the ony one or )300 to or(

Pa"ticier"

igno"!phonate"

ement retarder" &)13 * ) 81 * )800* )801(

7!d ?hinner"

=rganic "at" and acid"

)5* )121


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Dispersant Action

POL'CEME-(

C2S;? HC" H ? 0S

C2S;? HC" H ? 0S

)*SPERSA-(MOLEC&LE

Amount o: dispe!s"nt "dso!ed depends on #on#ent!"tionCement g!"in su!:"#es e#ome uni:o!ml/ neg"tivel/Alie signs !epel one "not.e! ???G dispe!sion

SO

SO


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(lurry Density

LESS

8A(ER

C;A-,*-, OF SL&RR' )E-S*('

L*,;(ER ;EA+*ER

MORE8A(ERB@?6 .220.02 ga/b) ;67>?@?6 .5 0.0023 ga/b &)0 676N? 3.200.052 ga/b(

)15 7angane"e = &7n3 =( 7gtetrao$ide


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(trength Retrogression

>bo,e 230o

';S? !n"tabiied cement i!ndergo:

> red!ction in "trength

>n increa"e in permeabiity

)!e to "tr!ct!ra change in -S-; ge

Pre,ented by the addition o 30 - 0% '#=

"iica red!ce" /S ratio o -S-; ge(

D?5 (ilica (and J D44 (ilica


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D?5 (ilica (and J D44 (ilica&lour

P"!ti#le si$e?&S Mes.

Add= 8"te!

Spe#i:i# g!"vit/

Appli#"tions%

;ig. densit/

Lo densit/

Settling P!olems

Mi@ing P!olemsR.eolog/

&se "ove 00F

-AME)0 )33

S*L*CA SA-) S*L*CA FLO&R

60 ? 200

I101=12 g"ls

2=3

P!e:e!!ed

Alte!n"tive

Alte!n"tive

P!e:e!!ed

Alte!n"tive

Alte!n"tive

P!e:e!!ed

P!e:e!!ed

Alte!n"tive

P!e:e!!ed

G 200

H 121=4 g"ls

2=3


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Antisettling Agent D;9?

Controls free !ater andor sedimentation

Compatible !ith all Do!ell products andcements

=o signi2cant e/ects on slurry properties+

except rheologyDry:blend or prehydrated "preferred%+ fresh or

sea !ater

-emperature range0 up to ?56 & ";95 C%

Concentration range0 5,; to ;,9@)WC"depending on density%

Documents

4- Cementing Additives CL Jun-00-A