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Black People in the Dominant American Society :

The Case of Tupac Shakur in the +33*’s

� � � �Yoko MITSUISHI

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� + � ������ �� ��������� ��� +321� -0.��� , � Jon Pareles, “Critic’s Notebook ; The Disappearance of Ice-T’s ‘Cop Killer,’” The New York Times,

Thursday Jul. -*, +33,, +-.

� - � ��� !"#$%�&'()*++,#-. /0%&,�%12� 34� +333� .3�/*��� . � Jon Pareles, “Pop View ; Rap after the Riot : Smoldering Rage and No Apologies,” The New York

Times, Sunday Dec. +-, +33,, ,1.

� / � Los Angeles Watts Riot of +30/. http : //www.africana.com/Articles/tt_*,-.htm �,**,� +*5 26�� 0 � A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., Anderson Bellegarde Francois and Linda Y Yuen, “The O.J. Simpson

Trial : Who Was Improperly ‘Playing the Race Card,’?” Birth of a Nation’hood : Gaze, Script, and

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Mandatory Minimum Prison Terms : A Summary of Recent Findings, ,- (+33.).

� 1 � Ibid., ./. Quoted from Federal Judicial Center, The General E#ect of Mandatory Minimum Prison

Terms, ,* (+33,).

� 2 � 78. 9#:; +333�< ,1�)�=>?)@ABC7D(�� 3 � George Lipsitz, ,*. Quoted from Time, October 3, +33/, -3.

�+*� Anonymous, “Thug life : Where do the children play?” Billboard (Sep. ,2, +330) Vol. +*2, No. -3.

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125

�Abstract�

Black People in the Dominant American Society :

The Case of Tupac Shakur in the +33*’s

Yoko MITSUISHI

This essay considers the relationship of black people in the United States to the

dominant society near the end of the twentieth century. One approach is to

understand the race problem in the United States, which has remained a unique

problem for the black community in their history and culture. At the beginning of

the twentieth century, W.E.B. DuBois expressed anxiety he felt living as a black

American in the United States. He said he was forced to have a double conscious-

ness, and could only see himself through the eyes of others. Racism would not

permit him to simply be himself, both black and American. This was the period

when civil rights, that African Americans had gained following their Emancipation,

were being deprived of them again, and the color line was becoming an increasingly

serious problem in American society.

In +3/. segregation was finally declared to be illegal and the civil rights

movement won the equal citizenship of black people. Today, many black people are

active and quite outstanding in their ability to succeed in the dominant American

society. On the other hand, we also see poverty and discrimination that still

characterizes the Black community in the wealthy United States. In order to

understand the race problem in present day America, this essay focuses on the hip

hop artist, Tupac Shakur, who was a successful performer, in the early +33*’s as a

gangsta rapper on the West coast, and considers how he related to the dominant

American society. Hip hop culture has had a di#erent paradigm from the value

system of the dominant society since its origin, and it has often clashed with the law

as well as the norm of morality and acceptable behavior within the dominant

society. Gangsta rap, which evolved in the mid-eighties from the inner city of Los

Angeles, was particularly aggressive and boasted of a life of violence, guns, drugs,

and pimping. However, the criticism of it by the dominant society is in stark

contrast to the appreciation of it by the black community. The reason for the

�������� � .--+ ( ,**/�� )

126

di#erence in perception becomes clear when considering the discourse on the two

race riots, at Watts in +30/ and at South Central, Los Angeles in +33,, and also on the

confirmation hearings of Supreme Court Judge Clarence Thomas (+33+) and the

verdict of the O.J. Simpson Trial (+33/) from the same period.

�����������+33* �������������������� !"

127

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